tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-68251056720175360192024-02-08T08:03:59.212-08:00Vip StoriesA collection of storiesViphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17711005059503919750noreply@blogger.comBlogger16125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825105672017536019.post-91587979330538560172012-06-26T09:16:00.000-07:002012-06-26T09:16:02.561-07:00Senior Thesis<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Colored
Servants: The Meaning of the Pioneer Monument<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">In
July 1897, Salt Lake City Utah was preparing for a gathering unlike any other
that the state had seen. The Brigham Young Memorial Association had been
working to gather as many pioneers as possible for the fiftieth anniversary of
the entrance of Brigham Young and his wagon train into the Great Basin. The
Pioneer Jubilee, as it was called, took place over four days and included
speeches, parades, and boasted the biggest firework show ever witnessed in the
West.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
The biggest attraction was the unveiling of the Pioneer Monument which had been
under scrutiny for six years while the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day
Saints worked tirelessly to fund the project. The monument was draped in an
American flag waiting to be unveiled on the opening day of the jubilee.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The
crowd fell silent in awe as the flag was dropped and the thousands of people
from around the region were able to gaze at the craftsmanship of the Brigham
Young statue sculpted by Cyrus Dallin.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
The monument was constructed of granite and was topped with the ten foot
figure. On the front of the monument was a plaque which read: “In Honor of
Brigham Young and the Pioneers.” On the reverse side of the monument was
another plaque that has garnered controversy since the 1970’s when the monument
was made accessible to pedestrians. This plaque lists all the names of the
pioneers who first made the trek with Brigham Young in 1847. On the bottom
right hand side of the plaque are the names Green Flake, Hark Lay, and Oscar
Crosby delineated by a bracket inscribed “colored servants.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mormon
pioneers began traveling west in 1846. They were looking for a place where they
could worship without the conflicts that they were enduring in Illinois,
Missouri and previously Ohio and New York. Members of the Church of Jesus
Christ of Latter Day Saints had been persecuted for their beliefs since Joseph
Smith had started the religion April 6, 1830. After the death of Joseph Smith,
Brigham Young led a group of pioneers to Winter Quarters, Nebraska, and
eventually to the Salt Lake Valley. The thousand-mile trek from the Midwest to
the Utah territory was a difficult journey for the group and there were many
hardships along the way. The party reached the Great Basin July 24, 1847
consisting of one hundred and forty-three men, three women, and two children.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
However, on July 21, three days earlier, an advance party entered the Salt Lake
Valley carrying three African American slaves who had been given to Brigham
Young in Winter Quarters. These three slaves were Green Flake, Hark Lay, and
Oscar Crosby.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Fifty
years after the initial party of Mormon pioneers made it to the Great Basin,
Cyrus E. Dallin constructed a monument honoring the man who led the group and
the pioneers who followed. Scholars have looked at this memorial, as well as
other evidence of slaves in the Salt Lake Valley, as proof of racism and
discrimination by a religion itself fleeing from persecution.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
Many people have seen the inscription to be a term of prejudice, however, by
many accounts Green Flake was regarded as a prominent figure in Utah for being
one of the first pioneers into the valley. The status of Green Flakes image in
the West raises questions of why he was placed on a pedestal in the minds of
Mormons when the rest of the country was fighting to keep African Americans in
the shadows. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">One
reason that Green Flake’s memory has transcended race is because he was part of
a band of pioneers who liberated a persecuted people and gave them salvation in
the Great Basin. Green Flakes name on the plaque inscribed with the delineation
proves that he was regarded as one of the great pioneers of 1847 and therefore
became part of the pioneer myth surrounding that “noble band.” Very few African
Americans have been remembered in the same way that Flake has. Other African
American pioneers have not received recognition until after their deaths and well
after the Civil Rights Movement. The comparison of Green Flake to other African
Americans who left their mark on the West offers one example of an African
American becoming part of the myth that surrounds that culture. The image of
Green Flake has transcended the boundaries of race, more than any other African
American pioneer, because he was a member of a culture that so revered their
pioneer heritage that race became irrelevant. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The
Brigham Young Memorial Association was created by the President of the LDS
church, Wilford Woodruff, in 1891 to build a memorial to Brigham Young and the
pioneers who settled in the Salt Lake Valley. According to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Contributor</i>, an 1892 book created by The
Mormon Church, “The desire to erect a monument in the memory of Brigham Young
and the Pioneers has been in the hearts of the people of these valleys for many
years.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
The association started devising a plan to have the monument built and paid
for. From the beginning there was an idea to include a plaque on the monument
that would include “the names of the Pioneers and the date of their entrance
into the valley” to honor the “illustrious band.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
However the most important piece was getting an artist to sculpt a statue of
Brigham Young so the plaques for the front and back were put on hold.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The
association commissioned local artist Cyrus E. Dallin, who was not Mormon, to
begin sculpting the monument which they had determined would be made of bronze.
Dallin had recently been asked to sculpt the angel that sits atop LDS temples
and was gaining an “enviable reputation as a sculptor” throughout the country.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a> A
report by Captain Willard Young and J. H. Moyle about the design states, “The
general idea…is to make not simply a statue of Brigham Young but rather a
monument to the pioneers, with President Young as the central, or crowning
figure.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
Dallin’s job was to create a monument that would honor all the pioneers with
Brigham Young as the center piece. His model shows that a statue of Brigham
Young would adorn the top of the monument with a trapper and Native American
flanking each side. A pioneer family would be carved into the bas-relief on the
front of the monument. There was no discussion of the plaque for the rear of
the monument in correspondence between the association and Dallin. Dallin’s
main concern was making sure that the monument that bore his name as artist was
detailed properly as it would reflect on his reputation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The
Brigham Young Memorial Association did not discuss the creation of a plaque again
until it was proposed in June 16, 1897. In the meeting E.A. Smith, the
treasurer of the Brigham Young Memorial Association, suggests that “A copper
plate be prepared with the names of the original band of pioneers of 143 men 3
women and 2 children engraven thereon to be placed in the base of the pioneer
monument.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
The motion carried and Spencer Clawson, another member of the association,
suggests that the names of the pioneers come from the banner created by Thomas
Bullock and should be the model that the association should follow to place the
names on the monument.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
The Pioneer Banner lists all the members of the first party into the valley by
name. Near the bottom of the banner is a bracket that carries the inscription
colored servants and the titles of the three African Americans. Below are the
names of the women and children of the company followed by the provisions.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Thomas
Bullock had been a member of the original band of pioneers when they arrived in
the valley in 1847. According to a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Deseret
News</i> article, Thomas Bullock had been a clerk for Joseph Smith “and for
many years a widely known and much esteemed citizen of this territory.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
This article goes on to detail the banner Bullock had created for the first
pioneer celebration in 1849. It had been on display at the Pioneer Day
celebration and “is a valuable and interesting historical record.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
This banner was the template used for creating the list of names and how they
should be listed including the delineation of colored servants. The Brigham
Young Memorial Association used the banner and because it delineated between
colored servants and white pioneers, so did they. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">It
was the desire of the Brigham Young Association to have all living members of
the pioneer company of 1847 in attendance at the Pioneer Jubilee in 1897.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
The association sent out letters inquiring about addresses for the living
members of the pioneer group. A letter from an 1890 Deseret News article asks
for biographical sketches of each member and then lists the members that they
do not have sketches for. Among the list of ninety-one are Green Flake, Hark
Lay and Oscar Crosby without any reference to race.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
By all accounts, the Association did not have a position towards African Americans
or how they should be mentioned on the monument. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The
three African American men listed on the plaque were a different race however
they were pioneers and incorporating their names on the monument suggests that
the status of “pioneer” took precedence over ethnicity. Pioneers are highly
regarded in the Mormon culture because they are seen as liberators from the
persecution that members of the faith were enduring in the East and mid-west.
The image of the pioneers was elevated to mythological status within the
culture due to the faith promoting stories that are shared in religious
meetings. The LDS view of pioneers seems to be unique. The state of Utah has
included Pioneer Day as a state holiday where the pioneers from 1847 are
honored.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
Various works of fiction and nonfiction have been written about the first band
of pioneers.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
Multiple monuments have been erected in honor of these men and women. The
Mormon culture holds pioneers and their stories in high regard. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All the men in that noble band were looked at
as great figures of the Mormon faith that saved the others from impending doom.
The three men listed on the plaque as colored servants were no different.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Discrimination of
African Americans was not a new concept in the United States. The American South
had been built on the backs of African American slaves. Southern plantation
owners believed that slavery was the natural state of mankind and pointed to
nature to demonstrate that all men were not created equal.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a> According to William
Jenkins, the issue of slavery had been under great debate since the country had
been founded.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a>
Jenkins explains that in Thomas Jefferson’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Notes
on Virginia</i> he states, “negroes were by nature an inferior race of beings.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a> The ideology of
discriminating against African Americans had been ingrained in the minds of the
American people by leaders of the country and Jenkins proves that point by
showing Jefferson’s bias.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The anti-slavery thought
in the North was due in part to the fact that Northerners did not depend on
slaves for their livelihood. The abolitionist movement could take hold in an
area that did not fully grasp the implications of freeing slaves. However the
movement still did not take root as deeply as abolitionist would have liked. C.
Eric Lincoln writes “The situation in New England was dishearteningly similar
in effect to that prevailing in the South.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a> Societies in the North
showed signs of discrimination similar to the South and it originated with the
acceptance that African Americans were inferior.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a> Although Lincoln’s
argument is regarding New England it indicates a broader scope of intolerance
outside of the southern states. This philosophy explains why discrimination was
prevalent across the country and not just the South.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The West was no better
in its treatment of African Americans. Patricia Nelson Limerick suggests that
although people in the West felt that the South had its “problem,” racism was
flourishing in the West.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a>People in the West were
concerned about the migration of blacks even though there were few African
Americans already.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a>Limerick indicates that
the West was not that innocent when she states, “The Western territories were
deeply implicated in the national struggle over slavery.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a> The reason for racism in
the West was to keep the peace as one Oregon leader explained, “The object is
to keep clear of this most troublesome class of population. We are in a new
world, under most favorable circumstances, and we wish to avoid most of these
great evils that have so much afflicted the United States and other countries.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a> Leaders championed this
ideal as “a clear victory for settlers who came to the Far West to escape the
racial troubles of the East.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The divide of black
rights grew wider in the West over time. Patricia Limerick explains, “White
Westerners saw in black rights the first link in a chain reaction. Permit
blacks a place in American political and social life, and Indians, Asians, and
Hispanics would be next.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a> According to Limericks
idea, extending rights to African Americans would allow other ethnic minority
groups rights and freedoms that the West was not ready to give. An Oregon
newspaper from 1865 reads, “If we make the African a citizen, we cannot deny
the same right to the Indian or the Mongolian. Then how long would we have
peace and prosperity when four races separate, distinct and antagonistic should
be at the polls and contend for the control of the government?”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a> Westerners had to make
sure that the integrity of the frontier stayed strong and the only way to do
that was by not allowing free blacks to penetrate the West and start preaching
civil rights to other minorities. Limerick explains it best when she states,
“White Southerners could specialize, holding off one group; white Westerners
fought in a multifront campaign.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">African Americans were
seeing a casual discrimination in the West as they were banned from
restaurants, hotels, and labor unions. Limerick tells of a story reported by
Elizabeth McLagan stating, “In 1893, the citizens of Liberty, Oregon, requested
that all black people leave town.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a> The city of Reno had a
similar story while they were facing unemployment problems in 1904. To take
care of the problem all unemployed African Americans were arrested and escorted
out of town. The Reno police chief explained his actions saying, “There are too
many worthless negroes in the city.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[32]</span></span></span></span></a> The problem of racism in
the West shows that it persisted on every level in every facet of American
life. Racism and discrimination lived from coast to coast and from north to
south.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Members of the Church of
Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints were not above this intolerance. The LDS
Church decided in 1847 that members of African descent could not hold the
priesthood. The first instance of this comes from Parley P. Pratt who was an
apostle of the church. Speaking to a group of saints about William McCary (a
“black Indian” who pretended to be an ancient prophet) Parley P. Pratt stated,
“[McCary] got the blood of Ham in him which linege [sic] was cursed as regards
[to] the priesthood.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[33]</span></span></span></span></a> In the fall of 1847
Brigham Young began alluding to the same idea, preaching that African Americans
were a cursed people and were banned from holding the priesthood or entering
LDS temples.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[34]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The banning of African
Americans from the temple and holding the priesthood was the start of racial
intolerance from white members of the faith. However the groundwork had been
laid by teachings within the Mormon faith which ultimately showed African Americans
as an inferior race. Joseph Smith taught that people of African descent were
cursed with the mark of Cain which was the black skin. Smith also referred to
African Americans as “negroes…the sons of Cain.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[35]</span></span></span></span></a> Mormon leaders began
furthering these ideas after the death of Joseph Smith. Orson Hyde taught that
some people had been predetermined to have black skin because they had not been
valiant before coming to earth.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[36]</span></span></span></span></a> These teachings prolonged
the racist attitudes of faithful Latter Day Saints toward their African
counterparts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Slavery also became an
issue in the Mormon religion as more Southerners joined the faith and began
joining the saints in Illinois and Missouri. These Southern members transported
slaves with them which they regarded as property. The ideology of slavery in
the church had been ambivalent with leaders on either side of the issue. Joseph
Smith ran for president as an abolitionist candidate and believed that no man
should own another. Brigham Young believed that slavery was ordained by god and
that the church shouldn’t get involved in matters between a master and his
slave.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[37]</span></span></span></span></a> The slavery issue in the
LDS religion helped further the divide among African Americans and white
members of the church.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Although there are
instances of white members of the church treating African Americans with
decency and respect, they are small instances with a larger problem of
discrimination and intolerance towards the African race. However in one case
African Americans were raised above the boundaries of race to gain equality
among members of the church. By uniting saints under the banner of “pioneer”
all members under that banner become a unified body that rises above racism and
inequality. One instance in which this is true is the story of Green flake.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Abraham Green was born
in North Carolina in 1828 and changed his name to Green Flake to show the
ownership of his master James Flake.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[38]</span></span></span></span></a> James Flake joined the
LDS church and Green followed a few weeks later. James and his family decided
that they were going to join the other saints in Nauvoo and allowed all their
slaves to go free.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[39]</span></span></span></span></a> Green opted to stay with
the Flake family therefore retaining the status of a slave. The Salt Lake
Tribune says that “He [Green Flake] joined the Mormons at Winter Quarters and
came West with the first company to leave that camp.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[40]</span></span></span></span></a> Green drove Flake’s wagon
to the Salt Lake Valley with instructions to build a home for the family, and
shortly after the Flake family journeyed to the Great Basin.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[41]</span></span></span></span></a> In 1848 James headed to
California in search of gold and was killed in a mule accident there. James
Flake’s wife gave Green to Brigham Young, allegedly, for back payment of
tithing.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[42]</span></span></span></span></a>
Green worked for Brigham Young and the Church for two years before the church
gave him his freedom.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[43]</span></span></span></span></a> Green married Martha
Crosby, the sister of Oscar Crosby, and set up a house in Union just outside of
Salt Lake City.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Green Flake was a slave
when he made the trek to Utah and was treated as such. Sometime after arriving
in Utah he was lifted up, by a Mormon culture that honored pioneers, above the
color of his skin to become a well known pioneer of 1847.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[44]</span></span></span></span></a> People in Utah began to
become interested in the history during the years after the initial band of
pioneers moved into the valley. A Deseret News article states, “The magnitude
of the task performed by those who pioneered the way across the Great Plains to
these mountain vales forty-seven years ago is being more generally recognized
than in former years, and interest increases in the history of the individuals
who composed that noble band.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[45]</span></span></span></span></a> The article describes the
trek as being a monumental accomplishment and explains that an increased
interest in the history and the individuals was taking place. No individual is
singled out in the article however the article does specify “individuals” in
general, which would include Flake and his accomplishments. The renewed
interest in the “noble band” is how the image of Green Flake was able to go
beyond the boundary of racial discrimination and how he was able to become one
of the most notable pioneers of 1847. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A small article from the
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Deseret News</i> in 1888 details the
festivities of a Utah Pioneer Day Celebration. The article explains that
speeches and songs were part of a program honoring the pioneers. The only speaker
named in the article is Green Flake when it states, “Among the speakers was Mr.
Green Flake one of [the] Pioneers who gave a short account of the travels of
the Pioneers across the plains.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[46]</span></span></span></span></a> Green Flake was able to
recount his travels across the plains at this celebration, something that few
other African Americans were doing in Utah or across the country at the time. In
naming Green Flake and not the other speakers it implies that he was a notable
pioneer that the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Deseret News</i> found
important. It is also interesting to note that his race was not mentioned
suggesting that readers knew who he was without adding “colored” to the
article.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Green
Flake is mentioned in a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Deseret News</i>
article in 1894 after a pioneer celebration at which he was asked to speak. The
article gives this account of the celebration: “Pioneer Green Flake, 66 years
old, the only survivor of the three colored men who were numbered among the
Pioneers of 1847, gave a short speech, in which he said that he had always felt
proud of the distinction of being one of the Pioneers of Utah.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[47]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
Flake sat on the stand with President Wilford Woodruff and fourteen other
prominent pioneers.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[48]</span></span></span></span></span></a> The
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Deseret News</i> article mentions that
Flake is one of the “colored men” rather than servant which had been used previously.
Using the term colored men suggests that servant or slave was not the term they
were using at the time. Although Flake was a slave when he came to the Great
Basin, he was now a colored man who had made that famous trek into the valley.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The
article goes on to share a story related by Wilford Woodruff, president of the
LDS Church, in which he describes the pioneers going out to the Great Salt Lake
to swim. “Green Flake, the colored man who had just spoke, was one of the
party. After coming out of the briny waters his entire body being covered with
salt, Mr. Flake was for once in his life a white man, and remained thus until
by application of fresh water he regained his natural color.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[49]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ogden Standard</i> offers a small
account of the celebration and mentioned that Green Flake spoke and referred to
him as the only surviving member of the three colored servants that made the
trek.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
These accounts show that Green Flake had become an important part of the
pioneer myth that was building in the church. The president of the church
mentions him in a story and multiple accounts tell of Flake and his importance
to the pioneer legend.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">In
anticipation of the jubilee, the Salt Lake Tribune created a series called
“Fifty Years Ago Today.” The daily series would detail the journey from Winter
Quarters to the Great Basin. The May 31, 1897 edition of the series shows a
hand drawn picture of Green Flake and offers an excerpt of his life story.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 1in 10pt 45pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Green Flake is one of the
original pioneers of Utah. He is a colored man, born in the state of
Mississippi [sic], and is still alive, being a respected citizen of Gray’s
Lake, Bingham County, Ida. The date of his birth is not recorded, but he is
said to be over 75 years of age. He had been a slave all of his life, but
joining the Mormon church, he became a valued man in the pioneer company
travelling in the fourteenth ten. of which Joseph Matthews was captain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 1in 10pt 45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mr. Flake is very well known in Salt
Lake, having been a resident of Union ward for years prior to his moving to
Idaho.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[51]</span></span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 1in 10pt 45pt;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Green Flake had become
a well known pioneer before the Pioneer Jubilee of 1897. The article describes
him as “one of the original pioneers of Utah” which would have placed him in that
illustrious band. The article also explains that he was a slave. In combining
the two phrases it seems that although he was a different color he was an
original pioneer of Utah. An African American slave that had made the journey
with the original band, shared in their hardships, and had become part of the
legend. Green Flake had given multiple speeches and accounts of his journey
across the plains with Brigham Young. He told the story of President Young negotiating
with Native Americans for passage across their land as well as a buffalo hunt
that took place.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[52]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
He sat with President Wilford Woodruff at a Pioneer Day celebration that
honored the first group of pioneers. Flake participated in all of the events surrounding
the Pioneer Jubilee. He received a Jubilee pin that had his name engraved on it
(as did all the pioneers). On July 26, 1897, the Salt Lake Tribune wrote a
piece giving details about seven visitors who attended the Jubilee. The very
first one in the article is Flake and it states: “Among the most interesting of
the pioneers was Green Flake.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[53]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
Green Flake was an original pioneer of 1847, he was looked at as one of the
most interesting pioneers and he was renowned for his involvement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>October 22, 1903, Green Flake passed away in Idaho Falls,
Idaho. On October 22 the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Deseret News</i>
placed his obituary on the front page with the title, “Green Flake Passes Away”
in bold letters at the top of the page.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[54]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
Flake had become more than a slave or colored servant, even more than an
ordinary citizen, he had gained local recognition for being a pioneer of 1847.
He had sat with the President of the LDS Church, he had given speeches about
his travel to the Great Basin, and he had gained notoriety for being one of the
African Americans who entered the Salt Lake Valley with the first band of
pioneers. The act of placing his obituary on the front page shows a sign of
respect and honor. This action suggests that Green Flake was significant to the
culture so much so that his death deserved front page prominence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In contrast to Green Flake, there was another African
American that had a similar experience. The experience York had is parallel to
Flake’s, however he was not exalted in status for his accomplishments. York was
part of the westward expansion and the ground breaking Voyage of Discovery.
When York returned to the East he was not heralded with the accolades that the
rest of the band was given. In this way York had a similar experience in
traveling west and blazing a new trail however his story offers a completely different
result than Flake, and therefore demands further research and comparison.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">York
was the only African American on the Lewis and Clark Expedition.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[55]</span></span></span></span></span></a> James
J. Holmberg states that York is one of the most important and most overlooked
African Americans of our time.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[56]</span></span></span></span></span></a> York
had been William Clark’s body servant since birth and by all accounts Clark and
York were companions and spent much of their time together.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn57" name="_ftnref57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[57]</span></span></span></span></span></a> York
was a large man in stature and “black as a bear” according to Pierre Antoine
Tabeau, a trader who met York in the Dakotas.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn58" name="_ftnref58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[58]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
The Arikara Indians called him “the big medicine” and were astonished at his
black skin. Clark wrote in his journal, “the Indians much astonished at my
Black Servent and Call him big medison, this nation never Saw a black man
before.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn59" name="_ftnref59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[59]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
York helped along the journey with gathering food, hunting, and cooking however
his greatest contribution was allowing Lewis and Clark to form relationships
with the Native Americans because they were so curious to see such a black
individual. Tubbs agrees with this fact when she says, “York’s principal
contribution to the expedition had more to do with the color of his skin than
the quality of his character.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn60" name="_ftnref60" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[60]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
Tubbs suggestion is that York was more valuable to the expedition as an African
American than anything else.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">York
journeyed with Lewis and Clark to the west where he encountered the same
hardships as the rest of the team. Larry E. Morris explains that York was
afforded equality on the voyage, something that he would not see when he
returned home.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn61" name="_ftnref61" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[61]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
Stephenie Tubbs explains that York was treated as another member of the
expedition however he was ultimately a slave.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn62" name="_ftnref62" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[62]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
Clark explains in his journal that he made York dance for the Mandan village
saying, “I found them much pleased at the Dancing of our men, I ordered my black
servent to Dance which amused the Croud verry much, and Some what astonished
them, that So large a man should be active.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn63" name="_ftnref63" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[63]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
Tubbs explains that this experience shows that the relationship between Clark
and York was one of master and slave instead of Clark as a commanding officer.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn64" name="_ftnref64" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[64]</span></span></span></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">By
all accounts York was a slave to William Clark and did not gain his independence
when they returned home.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn65" name="_ftnref65" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[65]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
Robert Betts explains that there have been false accounts of York being granted
his freedom for his services along the journey. A false account of York gaining
his freedom was first written by Elliott Coues in 1893 and it has persisted
ever since.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn66" name="_ftnref66" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[66]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
Other members of the voyage were given a reward when they returned home. However
York did not receive any reward on his return. Meriwether Lewis sent a letter
to Henry Dearborn with the names of the members who served on the expedition.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn67" name="_ftnref67" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[67]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
Lewis writes:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">With rispect to all those persons whose names are
entered on this roll, I feel a peculiar pleasure in declaring, that the Ample
support which they gave me under every difficulty: the manly firmness which
they evinced on every necessary occasion; and the patience and fortitude with
which the submitted to, and bore, the fatigues and painful sufferings incident
to my late tour to the Pacific Ocean, entitles them to my warmest approbation
and thanks; nor will I suppress the expression of a hope, that the recollection
of services thus faithfully performed will meet a just reward in an ample
remuneration on the part of the Government.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn68" name="_ftnref68" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[68]</span></span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 10pt;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">York however was left
off the list of those on the expedition. It was as if he was not included in
the recognition even though he had endured the hardships, performed his duties,
and risked his life.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn69" name="_ftnref69" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[69]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
Betts explains, “As far as the public record goes – and as far as most
Americans now know – it is as though he had never been along, had never been
one of those resourceful and determined few who led the way west across a
largely unknown landscape.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn70" name="_ftnref70" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[70]</span></span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">York
was forgotten when the expedition returned and life resumed to normal. However
York had felt a sense of freedom during the voyage and wanted to be set free
for his accomplishments.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn71" name="_ftnref71" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[71]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
In a letter to his brother, Clark writes about York trying to gain his freedom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">I wrote you in both of my last letters about York, I
did wish to do well by him – but as he has got such a notion about freedom and
his emence Services, that I do not expect he will be of much Service to me
again; I do not think with him, that his Services has been So great.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn72" name="_ftnref72" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[72]</span></span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 10pt;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">According to the
letter, York thought that his services on the expedition were enough to grant
his freedom but Clark refused. Betts states, “Clark’s refusal to grant York his
freedom on the basis of his past service is very enlightening. That service included
journeying to the Pacific Ocean and back. Was that momentous trip not so
momentous in William Clark’s mind?”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn73" name="_ftnref73" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[73]</span></span></span></span></span></a> Clark
believed that York did not deserve his freedom for the service that he rendered
and therefore would not grant it. From 1815 to 1832 there is no documentation
regarding York.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn74" name="_ftnref74" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[74]</span></span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1832 William Clark told Washington Irving
that he had freed York and given him a large wagon and a team of six horses.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn75" name="_ftnref75" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn75;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[75]</span></span></span></span></span></a> Betts
explains that there is no documentation to support this claim but suggests that
York was probably gone from the household by the 1820’s.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn76" name="_ftnref76" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn76;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[76]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
In Clark’s conversation with Irving he explained that York had gone to
Tennessee to start a drayage business and had failed. York had tried to make it
back to his master but along the way died of cholera. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The story of York is a discouraging one. He was able to
make the journey to the Pacific Coast and back but was unable to gain the
notoriety for being a member of the expedition. He was not rewarded with land
or money like the other members of the expedition. He was not even rewarded his
freedom for the services that he provided. York has been relatively erased from
the history of the expedition and does not share in any of the lore. Betts
explains, “It is, of course, too late to make amends to York for not having
received a just reward within his lifetime and for not having been maligned for
so long after his death.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn77" name="_ftnref77" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn77;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[77]</span></span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The story of York and Green Flake intersect under the
banner of pioneer. They were pioneering African American men that journeyed
west for the sake of a culture. They suffered hardships as well as performed
duties with the rest of the members. They both endured being slaves to the
white masters that they were property of. However their stories are different
in how they are perceived when the journey was over.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>York suffered the torment of William Clark for years
after the expedition. He begged for his freedom for ten years after they
returned home.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn78" name="_ftnref78" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn78;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[78]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
Finally receiving his freedom he was unable to find success and was quoted by
Clark as saying, “Damn this freedom, I have never had a happy day since I got
it.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn79" name="_ftnref79" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn79;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[79]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
In his last days York was trying to find his way back to William Clark and died
trying.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>York’s death was not mentioned in any newspaper and was
not revered as an important member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. He was
relatively unknown until recently when several monuments have been erected to
honor his memory. Although York was a contributing member of the Voyage of
Discovery he has become virtually lost in history. In contrast, Flake became a
legend for his part in the Mormon migration. He was given his freedom two years
after the voyage. By multiple accounts Flake was considered one of the most
important pioneers. In his death he was recognized for his accomplishments in
the face of being a slave. One of the biggest differences between York and
Flake is that Flake was included in the recognition whenever possible. Whether
on the pioneer banner or the pioneer monument, Flake was recognized as a member
of the first band of pioneers into the Great Basin. For his accomplishments
York was given nothing and after gaining his freedom ten years after the voyage
died penniless and forgotten.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Why the difference in the memory of these two
noble African Americans? How did the image of one transcend the boundary of
race while the other was pushed back into obscurity? The answer lies in the
culture that they lived in. York was not seen as a valuable addition to the
expedition but rather William Clark’s slave. This ideology made him unimportant
to the story because he was not a contributing member. Flake on the other hand
was a member of a culture that saw this migration as an important part of
Mormon history. The trek to Utah was ordained by God and those men who
accompanied Brigham Young were on Gods errand. That idea is what has advanced
the image of pioneers to mythological prestige. The pioneer culture is what raised
Green Flake’s image and allowed him the prominence that he enjoyed. York was
not a part of a culture that regarded his service as divinely sanctioned and
because of that he has been overlooked and ignored. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">It
would be difficult to say whether or not Flake’s image would have become
legendary without the Mormon pioneer culture. However in comparing York’s
experience it seems that Flake had an unusual acceptance in a western territory
that was not ready to accept African Americans. The image of Flake has
surpassed similar African Americans in the West and the reason seems to be the
culture that he was a member of. The image of Green Flake overcame the racial
attitudes of the late nineteenth century because he was a pioneer. His name on
the plaque only furthers his legend and provides another way to honor his
legacy. It is not possible to see if Hark Lay or Oscar Crosby would have had
the same reception due to their deaths prior to the increased interest in the
pioneers. However, it can be inferred because they are immortalized on the
plaque memorializing their accomplishments. Without assuming that Hark Lay and
Oscar Crosby would be treated the same, there is one case in which one African
American was propelled above racial discrimination to leave a lasting legacy.
That legacy continues to persist on the pioneer monument with the delineatio<a href="" name="_GoBack"></a>n between free whites and colored servants.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<br /></div>
<w:sdt docparttype="Bibliographies" docpartunique="t" id="37762421" sdtdocpart="t">
</w:sdt><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after: avoid;">
<b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Primary Sources<o:p></o:p></span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><w:sdtpr></w:sdtpr></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Brigham Young Memorial Association. "Book of the
Pioneers Vol. 1 A-L." <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">S.J. Quinney
College of Law Library, University of Utah</i>. 1847-1897.
http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/uthisstat,5878 (accessed March 14, 2012).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Dallin, Cyrus E.
"Pioneer Monument 1897" Monument. Salt Lake City: The Church of
Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, 2012. </span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Editor of
Historical Record, “The Pioneers,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Deseret
News</i>, April 2, 1890, accessed March 14, 2012, </span><a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oq9LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gTADAAAAIBAJ&pg=4895,587378&dq=pioneer+jubilee&hl=en"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;">http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oq9LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gTADAAAAIBAJ&pg=4895,587378&dq=pioneer+jubilee&hl=en</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Flake, Green. "Green
Flake to Brigham Young Memorial Association 1897" Correspondence. Salt
Lake: Daughters of the Utah Pioneers, 2012.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">International
Society Daughters of Utah Pioneers, "Jubilee Program." Last modified
2011. Accessed March 14, 2012. </span><a href="http://www.dupinternational.org/jubilee/program.htm"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;">http://www.dupinternational.org/jubilee/program.htm</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Utah Digital Newspaper,
“Fifty Years Ago Today” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salt Lake
Tribune</i>, May 31, 1897, accessed March 19, 2012, </span></span><a href="http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/slt17&CISOSHOW=15895&CISOPTR=15886"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;">http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/slt17&CISOSHOW=15895&CISOPTR=15886</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Utah Digital
Newspaper, “Green Flake Passes Away,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Deseret
News</i>, October 22, 1903, accessed March 16, 2012, </span><a href="http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/den3&CISOPTR=22317"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;">http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/den3&CISOPTR=22317</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Utah Digital
Newspapers, "Jubilee Visitors" <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salt
Lake Tribune</i>, July 26, 1897, accessed March 15, 2012, </span><a href="http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/slt17&CISOSHOW=23530&CISOPTR=23482"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;">http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/slt17&CISOSHOW=23530&CISOPTR=23482</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">.
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Utah Digital
Newspapers, "The Memorial Association" <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salt Lake Tribune</i> July 21, 1897, Last modified 2011. Accessed
March 14, 2012. </span><a href="http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/slt17&CISOPTR=31269"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;">http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/slt17&CISOPTR=31269</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Utah Digital
Newspaper, “Salt Lake News” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ogden
Standard</i>, August 21, 1894, accessed March 19, 2012, </span><a href="http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/ogden4&CISOSHOW=69333&CISOPTR=69322"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;">http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/ogden4&CISOSHOW=69333&CISOPTR=69322</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Utah Digital Newspaper, “Some Jubilee Visitors” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salt Lake Tribune</i>, July 26, 1897,
accessed March 19, 2012, </span></span><a href="http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/slt17&CISOSHOW=23530&CISOPTR=23482"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;">http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/slt17&CISOSHOW=23530&CISOPTR=23482</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Utah Digital
Newspaper, “The Pioneers of 1847” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Deseret
News</i>, August 25, 1894, accessed March 14, 2012, </span><a href="http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/deseretnews6&CISOPTR=106958"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;">http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/deseretnews6&CISOPTR=106958</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Utah Digital
Newspaper, “The Pioneer Company: Names of its Members and a List of its
Outfit,”<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Deseret News</i>, August 1,
1888, accessed March 14, 2012, </span><a href="http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/deseretnews4&CISOPTR=5338"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;">http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/deseretnews4&CISOPTR=5338</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Utah
Digital Newspaper “The Pioneer Jubilee,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Deseret
News</i>, March 24, 1897, accessed March 14, 2012, </span><a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oq9LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gTADAAAAIBAJ&pg=4895,587378&dq=pioneer+jubilee&hl=en"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;">http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oq9LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gTADAAAAIBAJ&pg=4895,587378&dq=pioneer+jubilee&hl=en</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Utah
digital Newspaper, “The Twenty-Fourth at Union” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Deseret News</i>, August 1, 1888, accessed March 19, 2012, </span><a href="http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/deseretnews4&CISOSHOW=5369&CISOPTR=5338"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;">http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/deseretnews4&CISOSHOW=5369&CISOPTR=5338</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Utah
Digital Newspaper, “The Utah Pioneers,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Deseret
News</i>, August 25, 1894, accessed March 16, 2012, </span><a href="http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/deseretnews6&CISOPTR=106958"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;">http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/deseretnews6&CISOPTR=106958</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Various,
"Brigham Young Memorial Association Papers" Papers 1892-1900. Salt
Lake City: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints History Library,
2012.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Weggland, Dan.
"Pioneer Banner 1849" Textile. Salt Lake City: Daughters of Utah
Pioneers Museum, 2012.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Wells, Junius F.
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Contributor: Representing the Young
Mens Mutual Improvement Associations of the Latter Day Saints,</i> Salt Lake
City: The Contributor Company, 1892.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
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<w:sdt docparttype="Bibliographies" docpartunique="t" id="58821909" sdtdocpart="t">
</w:sdt><br />
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #365f91;"><span style="font-family: Cambria;">Bibliography<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><w:sdtpr></w:sdtpr></span></span></span></span></h1>
<w:sdt bibliography="t" id="111145805">
</w:sdt><br />
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Ambrose, Stephen E. <i>Undaunted Courage: Meriwether
Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West.</i> New York:
Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2005.<o:p></o:p></span><w:sdtpr></w:sdtpr></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Berlin, Ira. <i>Generations
of Capitvity: A History of African-American Slaves.</i> Cambridge: The
Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Betts, Robert B. <i>In
Search of York: The Slave Who Went to the Pacific with Lewis and Clark.</i>
Boulder: The University Press of Colorado, 2000.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Blum, Edward J. <i>Reforging
the White Republic: Race, Religion, and American Nationalism 1865-1898.</i>
Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Bringhurst, Newell G.
and Smith, Darron T. <i>Black and Mormon.</i> Chicago: University of Illinois
Press, 2004.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Bringhurst, Newell G.
<i>Saints, Slaves, and Blacks: The Changing Place of Black People Within
Mormonism.</i> Westport, Connecticut : Greenwood Press, 1981.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Bringhurst, Newell G.
"The Mormons and Slavery: A Closer Look." <i>Pacific Historical
Review</i>, 1981: 329-338.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Carter, Catherine B. <i>The
Story of the Negro Pioneer.</i> Salt Lake City: Daughters of Utah Pioneers,
1965.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Christensen, James B.
"Negro Slavery in the Utah Territory." <i>The Phylon Quarterly</i>,
1957: 298-305.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Holmberg, James J.
ed. <i>Dear Brother: Letters of William Clark to Jonathan Clark.</i> New
Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Hunter, J. Michael.
"The Monument to Brigham Young and the Pioneers: One Hundred Years of
Controversy." <i>Utah Historical Quarterly</i>, 2000: 332-343.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Jenkins, William
Sumner Ph.D. <i>Pro-Slavery Thought in the Old South.</i> Gloucester,
Massachusetts: The University of North Carolina Press, 1960.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Limerick, Patricia
Nelson. <i>The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West.</i>
New York: W. W. Norton & Co, 1987.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Lincoln, C. Eric. <i>Race,
Religion, and the Continuing American Dilemma.</i> New York: Hill and Wang,
1984.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Lund, Gerald N. <i>The
Work and the Glory: Volumes 1 through 9.</i> Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1990.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Lythgoe, Dennis L.
"Negro Slavery in Utah." <i>Utah Historical Quarterly</i>, 1971:
40-54.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">McCarthy, Timothy
Patrick and Stauffer, John. <i>Prophets of Protest: Reconsidering the History
of American Abolitionism.</i> New York: The New Press, 2006.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">McKitrick, Eric L. <i>Slavery
Defended: The Views of The Old South.</i> New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1963.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Our Heritage: A
Brief History of The Church of Latter-day Saints.</span></i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> Salt Lake City: The Chruch of Jesus Christ of
Latter-day Saints, 1996.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Percoco, James A.
"Monumental History: Commemorating America's Civil War
Sesquicentennial." <i>OAH magazine of History</i>, 2011: 58-61.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Seldin, Charles.
"Controversial Listing on Plaque: Black Utah Pioneer Lives in
Memory." <i>Salt Lake Tribune</i>, April 14, 1975: 18.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Slaughter, Thomas P. <i>Exploring
Lewis and Clark: Reflections on Men and Wilderness.</i> New York: Alfred A.
Knopf, 2003.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Tubbs, Stephenie
Ambrose with Jenkinson, Clay Straus. <i>The Lewis and Clark Companion.</i>
New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2003.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Van Orden, Bruce A.,
Smith, D. Brent, and Smith Jr., Everett. <i>Pioneers in Every Land:
Inspirational Stories of International Pioneers Past and Present.</i> Salt
Lake City: Bookcraft, 1997.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Varhola, Michael J.
"A Glorious Memorial to the Glory Regiment." <i>Civil War Times</i>,
2007: 58-61.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;"> International
Society Daughters of Utah Pioneers, "Jubilee Program." Last modified
2011. Accessed March 14, 2012. </span><a href="http://www.dupinternational.org/jubilee/program.htm"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">http://www.dupinternational.org/jubilee/program.htm</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;"> Utah
Digital Newspapers, "Salt Lake Tribune 1897-7-21." Last modified
2011. Accessed March 14, 2012. </span><a href="http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/slt17&CISOPTR=31269"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/slt17&CISOPTR=31269</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Dallin, “Brigham Young Monument.” 2012.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Dennis L. Lythgoe, “Negro Slavery in Utah,” Utah Historical Quarterly (1967),
40-54; Lythgoe, “Negro Slavery and Mormon Doctrine,” Western Humanities Review
(1967), 327-338; Ronald G. Coleman, “Blacks in Utah History: An Unknown
Legacy,” in Helen Z. Papanikolas, ed., The Peoples of Utah (Salt Lake City,
1976), 115-140; Coleman, “Utah’s Black Pioneers: 1847-1869,” in OMOJA: A
Scholarly Journal of Black Studies, (Summer 1978), 95-110; Lester E. Bush Jr.,
“Mormonism’s Negro Doctrine: An Historical Overview,” Dialogue: A Journal of
Mormon Thought, (spring, 1973), 22-31.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;"> Junius
F. Wells, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Contributor: Representing
the Young Mens Mutual Improvement Associations of the Latter Day Saints</i>
(Salt Lake City: The Contributor Company, 1892), 337.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wells, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Contributor</i>, 337.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wells, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Contributor</i>, 337.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Quoted in Junius F. Wells, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Contributor: Representing the Young Mens Mutual Improvement Associations of the
Latter Day Saints</i> (Salt Lake City: The Contributor Company, 1892), 337.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Brigham Young Memorial Association, “Meeting Minutes.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Brigham Young Memorial Association Papers</i>. (Salt Lake City: The
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints), 2012.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Association, “Meeting Minutes,” 2012.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Dan Weggland, “Pioneer Banner.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints</i>. (Salt Lake City: The Church of
Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints), 2012.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Utah Digital Newspaper, “The Pioneer Company: Names of its Members and a List
of its Outfit,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Deseret News</i>,
August 1, 1888, accessed March 14, 2012,</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Utah Digital Newspaper “The Pioneer Company,” 2012.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Utah Digital Newspaper “The Pioneer Company,” 2012.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Editor of Historical Record, “The Pioneers,” The Deseret News, April 2, 1890,
accessed March 14, 2012, </span><a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oq9LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gTADAAAAIBAJ&pg=4895,587378&dq=pioneer+jubilee&hl=en"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oq9LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gTADAAAAIBAJ&pg=4895,587378&dq=pioneer+jubilee&hl=en</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
TimeandDate.com, “Pioneer Day in United States.” Time and Date website, Accessed
May 2, 2012, </span><a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/us/pioneer-day"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">http://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/us/pioneer-day</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">.
</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Bruce A. Van Orden, D. Brent Smith, and Everett Smith Jr., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pioneers in Every Land: Inspirational Stories of International Pioneers
Past and Present</i> (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1997), - , <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Our Heritage: A Brief History of The Church
of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</i> (Salt Lake City: The Church of Jesus
Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1996), and Gerald N. Lund, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Work and the Glory: Pillar of Light a Historical Novel</i> (Salt
Lake City: Bookcraft, 1990) volumes 1-9.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
William Sumner Jenkins, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pro-Slavery
Thought in the Old South</i> (Gloucester: The University of North Carolina
Press, 1960), 60.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Jenkins, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pro-Slavery Thought in the South</i>,
49.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Quoted in William Sumner Jenkins, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pro-Slavery
Thought in the Old South</i> (Gloucester: The University of North Carolina
Press, 1960), 52.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
C. Eric Lincoln, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Race, Religion, and the
Continuing American Dilemma</i> (New York: Hill and Wang, 1984), 39.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Jenkins, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pro-Slavery Thought in the South</i>,
243.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Patricia Nelson Limerick, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Legacy of
Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West</i> (New York: W.W. Norton
& Co., 2007), 277.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Limerick, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Legacy of Conquest</i>,
277.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Limerick, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Legacy of Conquest</i>,
277.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Quoted in Patricia Nelson Limerick, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West</i> (New York: W.W.
Norton & Co., 2007), 278.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Quoted in Limerick, The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Legacy of
Conquest</i>, 278.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Limerick, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Legacy of Conquest</i>,
278.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Quoted in Limerick, The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Legacy of
Conquest</i>, 279.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Limerick, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Legacy of Conquest</i>,
279.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Quoted in Limerick, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Legacy of
Conquest</i>, 280.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Quoted in Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest. 280.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Quoted in Newell G. Bringhurst, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Saints,
Slaves, and Blacks: The Changing Place of Black People Within Mormonism</i>
(Westport: Greenwood Press, 1981), 86.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Newell g. Bringhurst, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Saints, Slaves, and
Blacks: The Changing Place of Black People Within Mormonism</i> (Westport:
Greenwood Press, 1981), 86.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Bringhurst, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Saints, Slaves, and Blacks</i>,
86.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Bringhurst, Saints, Slaves, and Blacks, 87.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Dennis L. Lythgoe, “Negro Slavery in Utah,” Utah Historical Quarterly 39, no 1
(1971): 50.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Charles Seldin, “Controversial Listing on Plaque: Black Utah Pioneer Lives in
Memory,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salt Lake Tribune</i>, April 14,
1975.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Katherine B. Carter, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Story of the
Negro Pioneer</i> (Salt Lake City: Utah Printing, 1965), 4.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Utah Digital Newspaper, “Jubilee Visitors,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salt
Lake Tribune</i>, July 26, 1897, accessed March 15, 2012, </span><a href="http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/slt17&CISOSHOW=23530&CISOPTR=23482"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/slt17&CISOSHOW=23530&CISOPTR=23482</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Carter, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Story of the Negro Pioneer</i>,
5.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Pat Bagley, “Living History: Slaves Arrived in Utah with Brigham Young,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salt Lake Tribune</i>, February 19, 2010,
accessed March 15, 2012, </span><a href="http://www.sltrib.com/ci_14437472"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">http://www.sltrib.com/ci_14437472</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Bagley, “Living History,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salt Lake
Tribune</i>, February 19, 2012, accessed March 15, 2012, </span><a href="http://www.sltrib.com/ci_14437472"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">http://www.sltrib.com/ci_14437472</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">.
</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn44" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Utah Digital Newspaper, “Green Flake Passes Away,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Deseret News</i>, October 22, 1903, accessed March 16, 2012, </span><a href="http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/den3&CISOPTR=22317"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/den3&CISOPTR=22317</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">.
</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn45" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[45]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Utah Digital Newspaper, “The Utah Pioneers,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Deseret News</i>, August 25, 1894, accessed March 16, 2012, </span><a href="http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/deseretnews6&CISOPTR=106958"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/deseretnews6&CISOPTR=106958</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn46" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[46]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Utah digital Newspaper, “The Twenty-Fourth at Union” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Deseret News</i>, August 1, 1888, accessed March 19, 2012, </span><a href="http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/deseretnews4&CISOSHOW=5369&CISOPTR=5338"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/deseretnews4&CISOSHOW=5369&CISOPTR=5338</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">.
</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn47" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[47]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Utah Digital Newspaper, “The Pioneers of 1847” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Deseret News</i>, August 25, 1894, accessed March 14, 2012, </span><a href="http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/deseretnews6&CISOPTR=106958"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/deseretnews6&CISOPTR=106958</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn48" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[48]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Utah Digital Newspaper, “The Pioneers of 1847,” 2012.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn49" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[49]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Utah Digital Newspaper, “The Pioneers of 1847,” 2012.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn50" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Utah Digital Newspaper, “Salt Lake News” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ogden
Standard</i>, August 21, 1894, accessed March 19, 2012, </span><a href="http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/ogden4&CISOSHOW=69333&CISOPTR=69322"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/ogden4&CISOSHOW=69333&CISOPTR=69322</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">.
</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn51" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[51]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Utah Digital Newspaper, “Fifty Years Ago Today” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salt Lake Tribune</i>, May 31, 1897, accessed March 19, 2012, </span><a href="http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/slt17&CISOSHOW=15895&CISOPTR=15886"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/slt17&CISOSHOW=15895&CISOPTR=15886</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn52" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[52]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
J. Willard Marriott Library, University of Utah, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Book of the Pioneers vol. 1 A-L p. 242</i> Utah State Archives and
Records Service, accessed March 19, 2012, </span><a href="http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/uthisstat&CISOPTR=6299"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/uthisstat&CISOPTR=6299</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">.
</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn53" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[53]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Utah Digital Newspaper, “Some Jubilee Visitors” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salt Lake Tribune</i>, July 26, 1897, accessed March 19, 2012, </span><a href="http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/slt17&CISOSHOW=23530&CISOPTR=23482"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/slt17&CISOSHOW=23530&CISOPTR=23482</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">.
</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn54" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[54]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Utah Digital Newspaper, “Green Flake Passes Away” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Deseret News</i>, October 22, 1903.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn55" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[55]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Stephenie Ambrose Tubbs with Clay Straus Jenkinson, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Lewis and Clark Companion: An Encyclopedic Guide to the Voyage of
Discovery </i>(New York: Henry Holt & Company, 2003), 321.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn56" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref56" name="_ftn56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[56]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
James J. Holmberg<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Dear Brother: Letters
of William Clark to Jonathan Clark</i> (New Haven: Yale University Press,
2002), 59.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn57" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref57" name="_ftn57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[57]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Tubbs, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Lewis and Clark Companion</i>,
321.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn58" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref58" name="_ftn58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[58]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Tubbs, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Lewis and Clark Companion</i>,
321.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn59" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref59" name="_ftn59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[59]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Quoted in Stephenie Ambrose Tubbs with Clay Straus Jenkinson, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Lewis and Clark Companion: An
Encyclopedic Guide to the Voyage of Discovery</i> (New York: Henry Holt &
Company, 2003), 323.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn60" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref60" name="_ftn60" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[60]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Tubbs, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Lewis and Clark Companion</i>,
322.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn61" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref61" name="_ftn61" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[61]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Larry E. Morris, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Fate of the Corps:
What Became of the Lewis and Clark Explorers After the Expedition</i> (New
Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), 140.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn62" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref62" name="_ftn62" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[62]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Tubbs, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Lewis and Clark Companion</i>,
322.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn63" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref63" name="_ftn63" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[63]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Quoted in Tubbs, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Lewis and Clark
Companion</i>, 322.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn64" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref64" name="_ftn64" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[64]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Tubbs, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Lewis and Clark Companion</i>,
322.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn65" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref65" name="_ftn65" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[65]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Stephen Ambrose, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Undaunted Courage:
Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West</i>
(New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2005); Stephenie Ambrose Tubbs with
Clay Straus Jenkinson, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Lewis and
Clark Companion: An Encyclopedic Guide to the Voyage of Discovery</i> (New
York: Henry Holt and Company, 2003); Thomas P. Slaughter, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Exploring Lewis and Clark: Reflections on Men and Wilderness</i> (New
York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003); Robert B. Betts, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">In Search of York: The Slave who Went to the Pacific with Lewis and
Clark</i> (Boulder: The University Press of Colorado, 2000)</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn66" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref66" name="_ftn66" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[66]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Robert B. Betts, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">In Search of York: The
Slave who Went to the Pacific with Lewis and Clark</i> (Boulder: The University
Press of Colorado, 2000), 107.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn67" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref67" name="_ftn67" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[67]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Betts, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">In Search of York</i>, 149.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn68" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref68" name="_ftn68" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[68]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Donald Jackson, ed., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Letters of the Lewis
and Clark Expedition with Related Documents</i>, 1783-1851, 1:369 quoted in
Robert B. Betts<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, In Search of York: The
Slave who Went to the Pacific with Lewis and Clark</i> (Boulder: The University
Press of Colorado, 2000), 149.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn69" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref69" name="_ftn69" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[69]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Betts, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">In Search of York</i>, 152.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn70" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref70" name="_ftn70" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[70]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Betts, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">In Search of York</i>, 149.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn71" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref71" name="_ftn71" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[71]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Tubbs, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lewis and Clark Companion</i>,
326.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn72" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref72" name="_ftn72" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[72]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
William Clark, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Letter to Jonathan Clark</i>,
1808, quoted in James J. Holmberg, ed., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dear
Brother: Letters of William Clark to Jonathan Clark</i> (New Haven: Yale
University Press, 2002), 184.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn73" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref73" name="_ftn73" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[73]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Betts, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">In Search of York</i>, 159.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn74" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref74" name="_ftn74" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[74]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Betts, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">In Search of York</i>, 167.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn75" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref75" name="_ftn75" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn75;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[75]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Betts, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">In Search of York</i>, 119.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn76" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref76" name="_ftn76" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn76;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[76]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Betts, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">In Search of York</i>, 131.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn77" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref77" name="_ftn77" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn77;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[77]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Betts, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">In Search of York</i>, 150.</span></div>
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<div id="ftn78" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref78" name="_ftn78" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn78;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[78]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Betts, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">In Search of York</i>, 167.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn79" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref79" name="_ftn79" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn79;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[79]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
John F. McDermot, ed., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Western
Journals of Washington Irving</i>, p. 82; quoted in Robert B. Betts, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">In Search of York: The Slave Who Went to the
Pacific with Lewis and Clark</i> (Boulder: The University Press of Colorado,
2000), 119.</span></div>
</div>
</div>Viphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17711005059503919750noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825105672017536019.post-4210153912773919642012-04-07T11:11:00.004-07:002012-04-07T11:11:40.031-07:00Machiavelli’s Concepts of Governing<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Niccolo
Machiavelli was a great political thinker during his time even though he did
not consider himself a philosopher. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
He saw Italy as a corrupt nation and wanted to find a way that an independent
state could run effectively within that nation.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Machiavelli was trying to advise and inspire future leaders of the state by
writing <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Prince</i>. Many political
figures have used Machiavelli’s advice to gain power in their own countries
however some have not followed the advice to create the leader that Machiavelli
was trying to create.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Some
of Machiavelli’s advice in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Prince</i>
could work in our current political system, while some advice could not. Although
Machiavelli was a great political thinker, he did not foresee the issues that
the United States would encounter. A few of these issues are; problems with
ethics, special interest groups, and the idea of politicians changing their
views or “flip flopping.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I intend to
argue that virtu, fortune, and the idea of the lion and the fox all have a
place in our political system and society today. However, I will argue that
Machiavelli’s ideas of republican liberty, prudence, and the chameleon are all
bad theories that don’t work or are not ethical in our current political
system.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Throughout
time it has been understood that leaders would gain the respect of their
townships by being morally upstanding and virtuous therefore earning the
respect of their followers.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Prince </i>outlines the way that a
leader should act to gain the respect and power of a municipality which is by
any means necessary. Maureen Ramsey states, “Machiavelli was concerned to
establish from historical example and factual evidence the kinds of qualities
rulers must have and the actions they must take in order to achieve political
success.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Machiavelli’s ideology is that in order to rule a leader will need to do some
things that may not be thought of as ethical. Cary Nederman explains that
“there is no moral basis on which to judge the difference between legitimate
and illegitimate uses of power. Rather, authority and power are essentially
coequal.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
The idea is that Machiavelli did not think actions were ethical or not rather
that the basis was all in gaining power and being able to assert control and
then rule over people in a way that brought glory to the leader. Machiavelli
did not believe that a good and just leader could maintain political stability
by being just and virtuous so he wrote <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Prince</i> in order to explain how to acquire political office and then keep
it.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Prince</i> he teaches that fear is way
to keep people in line when he says “fear holds them fast by a dread of
punishment that never passes.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Machiavelli believed that the people needed to have a very basic knowledge of
politics and only the leaders of “forty or fifty” would know what was going on
behind the scenes because it was done behind closed doors.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
He did tell the leader to be virtuous when he could, however he would need to
be flexible when the time came to use means that may not be virtuous.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
He also told the leader that he would need to exhibit traits that were not so
good and explains “as to the actions of all men and especially those of
princes…everyone looks to their results.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
Although a leader needs to learn how to be not so good the results would justify
his actions regardless if they were perceived as ethical or not. From this
concept is where political thinkers come up with the idea of the ends justify
the means.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
There were a few
ideas that Machiavelli held that would work within the political realm in our
current system. These ideals offer the prince a way to gain power and respect
without losing the authority that he has over his people and his leadership.
The idea of virtu helps the prince become a good leader and is something that
is seen in politics today. Every politician needs some good fortune in winning
political office however some have been ousted out of their seats because of
bad fortune. We have seen the lion and the fox work for some politicians and
hinder others. These concepts make Machiavelli relevant today.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
The concept of
virtu is one that best describes the requirements for the prince.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ramsay explains how a Machiavellian politician should act when she states, “He
must be bold, resolute, flexible, prepared to break promises and act against
charity, truth, religion and humanity.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>
The prince needs to be able to do what is necessary to win at all cost.
Machiavelli states this when he writes “For anyone who wants to act the part of
a good man in all circumstances will bring about his own ruin, for those he as
to deal with will not all be good. So it is necessary for a ruler, if he wants
to hold onto power, to learn how not to be good, and to know when it is and
when it is not necessary to use this knowledge.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
Machiavelli knew that it would be hard for a leader to be honest in all things
when he would be dealing with others that were not honest. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Machiavelli’s idea
of virtu can be seen in today’s political system. Candidates are willing to do
whatever it takes to get ahead or keep their office. An example would be
political attack ads seen during elections. Machiavelli did not see the media
as being a major force in our political system because there was no media at
the time. However, the media has made virtu easier for candidates and a must in
the political realm. Attack ads are able to bring opponents worst attributes to
the surface. In this way it is imperative that politicians have virtu to traverse
through the political landscape of today. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
The idea of
Fortune is a key concept that Machiavelli uses to describe things that happen
to a political leader that he cannot explain. In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Prince</i>, Machiavelli states, “Those who, having started as
private individuals, become rulers merely out of good luck [fortune], acquire
power with little trouble but have a hard time holding on to it.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ramsay says, “When he [Machiavelli] could not explain events, he attributed
them to the quasi-superstitious workings of fortune.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>
The concept of fortune can be defined as luck, either good or bad. Ramsay
explains that virtu is used to balance fortune in politics.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a>
Machiavelli believed that a leader could have good or bad fortune and that
virtu would be used as a means to balance that leader’s bad fortune or his
opponent’s good fortune. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Machiavelli’s
concept of fortune has a place in our political society as we see good and bad
fortune befall political leaders all the time. One example is of politicians
who get caught doing things that they thought they would never be caught doing.
Sexting, affairs, and frequenting houses of prostitution are a few of the
examples of bad fortune that gets some politicians headed out of office. These
examples can also be examples of good fortune for opponents. The Watergate
scandal of President Nixon was an example of bad fortune for him, however, it
was good fortune for Jimmy Carter who ran as the honest candidate who was going
to be bring integrity back to Washington. The idea of fortune cannot be attributed
to Machiavelli alone. However, he is the thinker that contributed to the idea
of fortune and virtu working hand in hand to create the politician.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
The final concept
that is useful for politicians to posses in our current political system is of
the lion and the fox. Machiavelli discusses in chapter eighteen of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Prince</i> the concept of being both a
lion and a fox. He states, “A prince, therefore, being compelled knowingly to
adopt the beast, ought to choose the fox and the lion; because the lion cannot
defend himself against snares and the fox cannot defend himself against wolves.
Therefore, it is necessary to be a fox to discover the snares and a lion to
terrify the wolves.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>
His idea is that a politician will need to be cunning and strong in his endeavor
to gain power. The politicians that are strong can gain power but cannot always
keep it and those that are cunning don’t always have the strength to retain
their office.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
The idea of the
lion and the fox works well in our political system. One of the ways that
Machiavelli explains this working is through the political inner circle. He
explains, “The easiest way of assessing a ruler’s ability is to look at those
who are members of his inner circle. If they are competent and reliable, then
you can be sure he is wise, for he has known both how to recognize their
ability and to keep them faithful.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>
He continues to state that if the inner circle is not reliable and faithful
then it is a poor choice on the part of the ruler.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a>
A ruler may use his inner circle to gain the strength or the cunning to rule
his people. Larry Arnhart argues that it is not a good idea to act so beastly
in a leaders governing.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a>
However, I believe that in order to rule a country the prince will need to be
both strong and cunning whether he himself or through his political inner
circle.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
There are three
concepts of Machiavelli that don’t fit in our political system or wouldn’t go
over well with the populace. Those three ideas are of prudence, the chameleon,
and republican liberty. These ideas could have worked for a prince in Italy but
in the United States’ political system it would be hard to get everyone to
accept these concepts.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
To most people
today republican liberty means individual liberty and freedoms. In the sense
that Machiavelli uses the term it is meant as people free from captivity.
People today would think that personal liberty meant small government with
limited power. Arnhart explains that Machiavelli’s idea of republican liberty
was that the prince had all the power and does not even mention individual or
personal rights.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a>
Machiavelli writes, “[They] are easily satisfied by institutions and laws that
confirm at the same time the general security of the people and the power of
the prince. When a prince does this, and the people see that by no chance he
infringes the laws, they will in a very little while be content, and live in
tranquility.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
His idea is to
take control and as the people see that the prince is abiding by the law then
they will be content. However, this would not work in our society today. Many
people feel that they are knowledgeable about politics. These same people claim
that President Obama is a socialist and is taking away their personal freedoms.
People on the left felt the same way when President Bush enacted the Patriot
Act, they argued that his administration was infringing on their personal
rights. Machiavelli’s concept of republican liberty would not be an idea that
Americans could stand behind today. As Arnhart explains, “James Madison, in his
famous <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Federalist</i> essay Number 51,
warned that in establishing a government we have to take into account the
selfish nature of human beings.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Machiavelli
explains that “Prudence consists in knowing how to assess risks and in
accepting the lesser evil as a good.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a>
The concept of prudence is one that everyone could accept and admire in a
leader. Leo Paul de Alvarez states that Machiavelli uses Cesar as an example of
prudent leadership and as someone that other leaders can look to as an example.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a>
Being a prudent leader means making the hard decisions and being able to make
that decision for the greater good. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Prudent leadership
would be hard to attain in the United States political system today. Many
leaders want the glory but are not willing to make the hard decisions due to a
variety of factors. Some politicians are not willing to make the hard decisions
for fear that they will offend their constituency. Others have special interest
groups telling them what to do rather than weighing the options and making tough
decisions. And some are afraid of the backlash they may take if they decide to
run for a higher office, taking the safe route rather than making a decision
that may be unfavorable. In today’s political arena, prudence is not looked at
as an admirable trait but a weakness.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
The final concept
is that of the chameleon. Machiavelli says, “People are by nature inconstant.
It is easy to persuade them of something, but it is difficult to stop them from
changing their minds. So you have to be prepared for the moment they no longer
believe.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a>
In order for a politician to please his constituency he will need to be attuned
to the will of the people. In this regard he will have to swing on the pendulum
of the people and what they find important at the time. This means shifting in
ideology to coincide with what the people are thinking. This concept is one
that validates Machiavelli’s idea of by any means necessary.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Although this
concept is one that is important it does not work in our political landscape.
In the 2004 election John Kerry was deemed a “flip flopper” because he voted
for and against similar bills. During the 2012 republican debates Mitt Romney
has also been seen as a flip flopper and someone who does not know what party
line to follow. The American people want a candidate who is willing to be himself
all of the time, even though his ideologies might have changed. I see Mitt
Romney as being a Machiavellian in the idea of doing whatever it takes to
become president even though that might mean being too moderate for
republicans. The concept of the chameleon doesn’t work in our system today
because of the media cycle and how Americans can see what a politician has said
every time he has spoken. Although Machiavelli is right in his idea, it is not
something that is easily attained in the American system of government.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Prince</i> offers great insight into how
a prince should run his government. All of Machiavelli’s advice seems sound in
the context of Italy at the time. However, in our political society some of the
advice works and others do not. The concepts of virtu, fortune, and the lion
and the fox are still relevant in our system. These ideas continue to work for
politicians in a variety of ways. The concepts that don’t work are the ones
that seem to get in the way of special interest, the twenty-four hour news
cycle, or our idea of personal freedom such as prudence, republican liberty,
and chameleon. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Prince</i> offers
great advice and although Machiavelli does not come out and say the ends
justifies the means his writing can be perceived as such. Politics can be very
entertaining due to Machiavellian attitudes and ideals.</div>
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<h1>
Bibliography<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></h1>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Arnhart, Larry. <i>Political Questions: Political
Philosophy from Plato to Rawls.</i> Long Grove: Waveland Press Inc., 2003.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Beiner, Ronald. <i>Civil Religion: A Dialogue in the
History of Political Philosophy.</i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2011.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">de Alvarez, Leo Paul. <i>The Machiavellian
Enterprise.</i> Dekalb: Norhern Illinios Press, 2008.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Duff, Alexander S. "Republicanism and the
Problem of Ambition: The Critique of Cicero in Machiavelli's
Discourses." <i>The Journal of Politics, vol. 73, no. 4</i>, 2011:
980-992.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Edwards, Alistair and Townshend, Jules (ed). <i>Interpreting
Modern Political Philosophy: From Machiavelli to Marx.</i> New York: Palgrave
Macmillan, 2002.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Hulliung, Mark. <i>Citizen Machiavelli.</i>
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Najemy, John M. <i>Between Friends: Discourses of
Power and Desire in the Machiavelli-Vettori Letters of 1513-1515.</i>
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Nederman, Cary. "Niccolo Machiavelli." <i>The
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.</i> Fall Edition 2009.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/machiavelli/ (accessed March 22, 2012).</span></div>
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<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Cary Nederman, “Niccolo Machiavelli,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>, Fall edition 2009, accessed March 22,
2012, <a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/machiavelli/">http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/machiavelli/</a>.
</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Maureen Ramsey, “Machiavelli 1469-1527” in Alistair Edwards and Jules
Townshend, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Interpreting Modern Political
Philosophy: From Machiavelli to Marx</i> (New York: Palgrave Macmillian, 2002),
21.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
Nederman, “Niccolo Machiavelli” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>, <a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/machiavelli/">http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/machiavelli/</a>.
</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Quoted in Maureen Ramsey, “Machiavelli (1469-1527)” in Alistair Edwards and
Jules Townshend, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Interpreting Modern
Political Philosophy: From Machiavelli to Marx</i> (New York: Palgrave
Macmillan, 2002), 22. </div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
Nederman, “Niccolo Machiavelli” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>, <a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/machiavelli/">http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/machiavelli/</a>.
</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Nederman, “Niccolo Machiavelli” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>, <a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/machiavelli/">http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/machiavelli/</a>.
</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Niccolo Machiavelli, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Prince</i>
quoted in Cary Nederman, “Niccolo Machiavelli,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>, Fall edition 2009,
accessed March 22, 2012, <a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/machiavelli/">http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/machiavelli/</a>.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
Mark Hulliung, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Citizen Machiavelli</i>
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983), 23. </div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
Quoted in Ramsay, “Machiavelli (1469-1527)” in Edwards and Townshend, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Interpreting Modern Political Philosophy</i>,
22.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
Niccolo Machiavelli, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Prince</i>,
quoted in Maureen Ramsey, “Machiavelli (1469-1527)” in Alistair Edwards and
Jules Townshend, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Interpreting Modern
Political Philosophy: From Machiavelli to Marx</i> (New York: Palgrave Macmillan,
2002), 22.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>
Nederman, “Niccolo Machiavelli” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>, <a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/machiavelli/">http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/machiavelli/</a>.
</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>
Quoted in Ramsay, “Machiavelli (1469-1527)” in Edwards and Townshend, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Interpreting Modern Political Philosophy</i>,
22.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
Niccolo Machiavelli, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Prince</i>,
chapter 15, <a href="http://www.constitution.org/mac/prince15.htm">http://www.constitution.org/mac/prince15.htm</a>.
</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>
Niccolo Machiavelli, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Prince</i>,
chapter 7, <a href="http://www.constitution.org/mac/prince15.htm">http://www.constitution.org/mac/prince15.htm</a>.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ramsay, “Machiavelli (1469-1527)” in Edwards and Townshend, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Interpreting Modern Political Philosophy</i>,
29.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ramsay, “Machiavelli (1469-1527)” in Edwards and Townshend, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Interpreting Modern Political Philosophy</i>,
22.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>
Machiavelli, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Prince</i>, chapter 18, <a href="http://www.constitution.org/mac/prince15.htm">http://www.constitution.org/mac/prince15.htm</a>.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>
Machiavelli, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Prince</i>, chapter 22, <a href="http://www.constitution.org/mac/prince15.htm">http://www.constitution.org/mac/prince15.htm</a>.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a>
Machiavelli, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Prince</i>, chapter 22, <a href="http://www.constitution.org/mac/prince15.htm">http://www.constitution.org/mac/prince15.htm</a>.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a>
Larry Arnhart, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Political Questions:
Political Philosophy from Plato to Rawls</i> (Long Grove: Waveland Press Inc.,
2003), 122.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a>
Arnhart, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Political Questions</i>, 125. </div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a> Machiavelli,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Prince</i>, chapter 16, <a href="http://www.constitution.org/mac/prince16.htm">http://www.constitution.org/mac/prince16.htm</a>.
</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a>
Arnhart, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Political Questions</i>, 127. </div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a>
Machiavelli, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Prince</i>, chapter 21, <a href="http://www.constitution.org/mac/prince21.htm">http://www.constitution.org/mac/prince21.htm</a>.
</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a>
Leo Paul de Alvarez, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Machiavellian
Enterprise: A Commentary on The Prince</i> (Dekalb: Northern Illinois Press,
2008), 34. </div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a>
Machiavelli, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Prince</i>, chapter 6, <a href="http://www.constitution.org/mac/prince06.htm">http://www.constitution.org/mac/prince06.htm</a>.
</div>
</div>
</div>Viphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17711005059503919750noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825105672017536019.post-75624646722480664692012-04-07T11:01:00.001-07:002012-04-07T11:01:07.409-07:00Colored Servants<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In
July 1897, Salt Lake City Utah was preparing for a gathering unlike any other
that the state had seen before. The Brigham Young Memorial Association had been
working to gather as many pioneers as possible for the fiftieth anniversary of
the entrance of Brigham Young and his wagon train into the Great Basin. The
Pioneer Jubilee, as it was called, took place over four days and included
speeches, parades, and boasted the biggest firework show ever witnessed in the
West.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
The biggest attraction was the unveiling of the Pioneer Monument which had been
under scrutiny for six years while the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day
Saints worked tirelessly to fund the project. The monument was draped in an
American flag waiting to be unveiled on the opening day of the jubilee.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
crowd fell silent in awe as the flag was dropped and the thousands of people
from around the region were able to gaze at the craftsmanship of the Brigham
Young statue sculpted by Cyrus Dallin.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
The monument was constructed of granite and was topped with the ten foot figure.
On the front of the monument was a plaque which read: “In Honor of Brigham
Young and the Pioneers.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> On
the reverse side of the monument was another plaque that has garnered
controversy since the 1970’s. This plaque lists all the names of the pioneers
who first made the trek with Brigham Young in 1847. On the bottom right hand
side of the plaque are the names Green Flake, Hark Lay, and Oscar Crosby
delineated by a bracket inscribed “colored servants.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mormon
pioneers began traveling west in 1846. They were looking for a place where they
could worship without the conflicts that they were enduring in Illinois,
Missouri and previously Ohio and New York. Members of the Church of Jesus
Christ of Latter Day Saints had been persecuted for their beliefs since Joseph
Smith had started the religion April 6, 1830. After the death of Joseph Smith,
Brigham Young led a group of pioneers to Winter Quarters, Nebraska, and
eventually to the Salt Lake Valley. The thousand-mile trek from the Midwest to
the Utah territory was a difficult journey for the group and there were many
hardships along the way. The party reached the Great Basin July 24, 1847
consisting of one hundred and forty-three men, three women, and two children.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
However, on July 21, three days earlier, an advance party entered the Salt Lake
Valley carrying three African American slaves who had been given to Brigham
Young in Winter Quarters. These three slaves were Green Flake, Hark Lay, and
Oscar Crosby.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Fifty
years after the initial party of Mormon pioneers made it to the Great Basin,
Cyrus E. Dallin constructed a monument honoring the man who led the group and
the pioneers who had made the trek. Scholars have looked at this memorial, as
well as other evidence of slaves in the Salt Lake Valley, as proof of racism
and discrimination by a religion itself fleeing from persecution. Many people
have seen the inscription to be a term of prejudice, however, by many accounts
Green Flake was regarded as a prominent figure in Utah for being one of the
first pioneers into the valley. The status of Green Flake in the West after the
Civil War raises questions about how he was able to transcend the issue of race
when the rest of the country was fighting to keep African Americans in the
shadows.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
Brigham Young Memorial Association was created by the President of the LDS
church, Wilford Woodruff, in 1891 to build a memorial to Brigham Young and the
pioneers who settled in the Salt Lake Valley. According to an 1892 book created
by The Mormon Church called the Contributor, “The desire to erect a monument in
the memory of Brigham Young and the Pioneers has been in the hearts of the
people of these valleys for many years.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
The association started devising a plan to have the monument built and paid
for. From the beginning there was an idea to include a plaque on the monument
that would include “the names of the Pioneers and the date of their entrance
into the valley” to honor the “illustrious band.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
However the most important piece was getting an artist to sculpt a statue of
Brigham Young so the plaques for the front and back were put on hold.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
association commissioned local artist Cyrus E. Dallin, who was not Mormon, to
begin sculpting the monument which they had determined would be made of bronze.
Dallin had recently been asked to sculpt the angel that sits atop LDS temples
and was gaining an “enviable reputation as a sculptor” throughout the country.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a> A
report by Captain Willard Young and J. H. Moyle about the design states, “The
general idea…is to make not simply a statue of Brigham Young but rather a
monument to the pioneers, with President Young as the central, or crowning
figure.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dallin’s job was to create a monument that would honor all of the pioneers with
Brigham Young as the center piece. His model, given to the association, shows
that a statue of Brigham Young would adorn the top of the monument with a
trapper and Native American flanking each side. A pioneer family would be
carved into the bas-relief on the front of the monument. There was no
discussion of the plaque for the rear of the monument in correspondence between
the association and Dallin. His main concern was making sure that the monument
that bore his name as artist was detailed properly as it would reflect on his
reputation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
Brigham Young Memorial Association did not discuss the creation of a plaque again
until it was proposed in June 16, 1897. In the meeting E.A. Smith, the
treasurer of the Brigham Young Memorial Association, suggests that “A copper
plate be prepared with the names of the original band of pioneers of 143 men 3
women and 2 children engraven thereon to be placed in the base of the pioneer
monument.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
The motion carried and Spencer Clawson, another member of the association,
suggested that the names of the pioneers come from the banner created by Thomas
Bullock and should be the model that the association should follow to place the
names on the monument.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>
The Pioneer Banner lists all the members of the first party into the valley by
name. Near the bottom of the banner is a bracket that carries the inscription
colored servants and the titles of the three African Americans. Below these
names are the names of the women and children of the company followed by the
provisions.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Thomas
Bullock had been a member of the original band of pioneers when they arrived in
the valley in 1847. According to a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Deseret
News</i> article Thomas Bullock had been a clerk for Joseph Smith “and for many
years a widely known and much esteemed citizen of this territory.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
This article goes on to detail the banner Bullock had created for the first
pioneer celebration in 1849. It had been on display at the Pioneer Day
celebration and “is a valuable and interesting historical record.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>
This banner was the template used for creating the list of names and how they
should be listed including the delineation of colored servants. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">It
was the desire of the Brigham Young Association to have all living members of
the pioneer company of 1847 in attendance at the Pioneer Jubilee in 1897.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>
The association sent out letters inquiring about addresses for the living
members of the pioneer group. A letter from an 1890 Deseret News article asks
for biographical sketches of each member and then list the members that they do
not have sketches for. Among the list of ninety-one are Green Flake, Hark Lay
and Oscar Crosby without any reference to race.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a>
The Association did not have a position towards African Americans or how they
should be mentioned. The three African American men listed on the plaque were a
different race however they were pioneers and incorporating their names on the
monument suggests that the status of “pioneer” took precedence over ethnicity.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The discrimination of
African Americans was not a new concept in the United States. The American
South had been built on the backs of African American slaves. Southern
plantation owners believed that slavery was the natural state of mankind and
pointed to nature to demonstrate that all men were not created equal.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a> According to William
Jenkins book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pro Slavery Thought in the
Old South</i>, the issue of slavery had been under great debate since the
country had been founded.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a> Jenkins explains that in
Thomas Jefferson’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Notes on Virginia</i>
he states, “negroes were by nature an inferior race of beings.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a> The ideology of
discriminating against African Americans had been ingrained in the minds of the
American people by leaders of the country and Jenkins proves that point by
showing Jefferson’s bias.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The anti-slavery thought
in the North was due to the fact that Northerners did not depend on slaves for
their livelihood. The abolitionist movement could take hold in an area that did
not fully grasp the implications of freeing slaves. However the movement still
did not take root as deeply as abolitionist would have liked. C. Eric Lincoln
writes “The situation in New England was dishearteningly similar in effect to
that prevailing in the South.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a> Societies in the North
showed signs of discrimination similar to that of the South and it originated
with the acceptance that African Americans were inferior.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a> Although Lincoln’s
argument is regarding New England it indicates a broader scope of intolerance
outside the boundaries of the South. This philosophy explains why
discrimination was prevalent across the country and not just the South.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Following the Civil War
African Americans thought that they would gain equality with those who had
discriminated against them. Ira Berlin states that relations between freed
people and their masters became strained when African Americans began testing
their new found freedom.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a> Berlin explains that the
freed peoples’ actions were seen as “ingratitude and insolence.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a> The separation between
the two races shrank until the color of their skin was the only separation
left.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a> Berlin’s claim that the
new found freedom of African Americans in the South created a problematic
situation between them and white residents provides an argument for why racism
progressed. Creating equality for African Americans established a society where
white citizens felt that they were being disrespected because they had to
cohabitate with an inferior race.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For racism to persist
there had to be a mechanism that allowed it.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a> Discrimination could not
have existed without a culture that accepted racism as a social standard.
Edward Blum suggests in his book<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
Reforging the White Republic</i> that books like <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Cotton States</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Great
South</i>, and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Prostrate State</i> “characterized
the South as a place where black suffrage and civil rights were destroying
public stability.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a> The vehicle of racism
allowed discrimination to exist and was the same vehicle that allowed the
nation to reunite after the Civil War. Without racism the nation would not have
been able to come together but this left many African Americans questioning
when they would gain equality.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Members of the Church of
Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints were not above this intolerance. The LDS
Church decided in 1847 that members of African descent could not hold the
priesthood. The first instance of this comes from Parley P. Pratt who was an
apostle of the church. In speaking to a group of saints about William McCary (a
“black Indian” who pretended to be an ancient prophet) Parley P. Pratt stated,
“[McCary] got the blood of Ham in him which linege [sic] was cursed as regards
[to] the priesthood.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a> In the fall of 1847
Brigham Young began alluding to the same idea that African Americans were a
cursed people and were banned from holding the priesthood or entering LDS
temples.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The banning of African
Americans from the temple and holding the priesthood was the start of racial
intolerance from white members of the faith. However the groundwork had been
laid by teachings within the Mormon faith which ultimately showed African
Americans as an inferior race. Joseph Smith taught that people of African
descent were cursed with the mark of Cain which was the black skin. Smith also
referred to African Americans as “negroes…the sons of Cain.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a> Mormon leaders began
furthering these ideas after the death of Joseph Smith. Orson Hyde taught that
some people had been predetermined to have black skin because they had not been
valiant before coming to earth.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a> These teachings prolonged
the racist attitudes of faithful Latter Day Saints toward their African
counterparts.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Slavery also became an
issue in the Mormon religion as more Southerners joined the faith and began
joining the saints in Illinois and Missouri. These Southern members transported
slaves with them which they regarded as property. The ideology of slavery in
the church had been ambivalent with leaders on either side of the issue. Joseph
Smith ran for president as an abolitionist candidate and believed that no man
should own another. Brigham Young believed that slavery was ordained by god and
that the church shouldn’t get involved in matters between a master and his
slave.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a> The slavery issue in the
LDS religion helped further the divide among African Americans and white
members of the church.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Although there are
instances of white members of the church treating African Americans with
decency and respect, they are small instances with a larger problem of
discrimination and intolerance towards the African race. However in one case
African Americans were able to transcend the boundaries of race to find
equality among members of the church. The instance in which this happens is
similar to that of bringing two factions of America together after a civil war.
By uniting saints under the banner of “pioneer” all members under that title
become a unified body that rises above racism and inequality. One instance in
which this is true is the story of Green flake.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Abraham Green was born
in North Carolina in 1828 and customarily changed his name to Green Flake to
show the ownership of his master James Flake.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[32]</span></span></span></span></a> James Flake joined the
LDS church and Green followed a few weeks later. James and his family decided
that they were going to join the other saints in Nauvoo and allowed all their
slaves to go free.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[33]</span></span></span></span></a> Green opted to stay with
the Flake family therefore retaining the status of a slave. The Salt Lake
Tribune says that “He [Green Flake] joined the Mormons at Winter Quarters and
came West with the first company to leave that camp.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[34]</span></span></span></span></a> Green drove James Flake’s
wagon to the Salt Lake Valley with instructions to build a home for the family,
and shortly after the Flake family journeyed to the Great Basin.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[35]</span></span></span></span></a> In 1848 James headed to
California in search of gold and was killed in a mule accident there. James
Flake’s wife gave Green to Brigham Young, allegedly, for back payment of
tithing.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[36]</span></span></span></span></a>
Green worked for Brigham Young and the Church for two years before the church
gave him his freedom.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[37]</span></span></span></span></a> Green married Martha
Crosby, the sister of Oscar Crosby, and set up a house in Union just outside of
Salt Lake City.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Green Flake was a slave
when he made the trek to Utah and was treated as such. Sometime after arriving
in Utah he was able to rise above the color of his skin to become a well known
pioneer of 1847.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[38]</span></span></span></span></a>
People in Utah began to become interested in the history during the years after
the initial band of pioneers moved into the valley. A Deseret News article
states, “The magnitude of the task performed by those who pioneered the way
across the Great Plains to these mountain vales forty-seven years ago is being
more generally recognized than in former years, and interest increases in the
history of the individuals who composed that noble band.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[39]</span></span></span></span></a> This interest in the
“noble band” is how Green Flake was able to go beyond the boundary of racial
discrimination and become one of the most notable pioneers of 1847. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A small article from the
Deseret News in 1888 details the festivities of a Utah Pioneer Day Celebration.
The article explains that speeches and songs were part of a program honoring
the pioneers. The only speaker named in the article is Green Flake when it
states, “Among the speakers was Mr. Green Flake one of [the] Pioneers who gave
a short account of the travels of the Pioneers across the plains.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[40]</span></span></span></span></a> Green Flake was able to
recount his travels across the plains at this celebration, something that few
other African Americans were doing in Utah or across the country at the time. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Green
Flake is mentioned in a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Deseret News</i>
article in 1894 after a pioneer celebration at which he gave a speech. The
article gives this account of the celebration, “Pioneer Green Flake, 66 years
old, the only survivor of the three colored men who were numbered among the
Pioneers of 1847, gave a short speech, in which he said that he had always felt
proud of the distinction of being one of the Pioneers of Utah.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[41]</span></span></span></span></a>
He also sat on the stand “seated in comfortable chairs” with President Wilford
Woodruff and fourteen other prominent pioneers.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[42]</span></span></span></span></a>
The article goes on to share a story related by Wilford Woodruff, president of
the LDS Church, where he describes the pioneers going out to the Great Salt
Lake to swim. “Green Flake, the colored man who had just spoke, was one of the
party. After coming out of the briny waters his entire body being covered with
salt, Mr. Flake was for once in his life a white man, and remained thus until
by application of fresh water he regained his natural color.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[43]</span></span></span></span></a>
The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ogden Standard</i> offers a small
account of the celebration and mentioned that Green Flake spoke and referred to
him as the only surviving member of the three slaves as well.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[44]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In
anticipation of the jubilee, the Salt Lake Tribune created a series called
“Fifty Years Ago Today.” The daily series would detail the journey from Winter
Quarters to the Great Basin each day. The May 31, 1897 edition of the series
shows a hand drawn picture of Green Flake and offers an excerpt of his life
story.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 1.0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Green Flake is one of the
original pioneers of Utah. He i<a href="" name="_GoBack"></a>s a colored man, born in
the state of Mississippi [sic], and is still alive, being a respected citizen
of Gray’s Lake, Bingham County, Ida. The date of his birth is not recorded, but
he is said to be over 75 years of age. He had been a slave all of his life, but
joining the Mormon church, he became a valued man in the pioneer company
travelling in the fourteenth ten. of which Joseph Matthews was captain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 1.0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mr. Flake is very well known in Salt
Lake, having been a resident of Union ward for years prior to his moving to
Idaho.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[45]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Green Flake had become a well known pioneer before the
Pioneer Jubilee of 1897. He had given multiple speeches and accounts of his
journey across the plains with Brigham Young. One account is a story that he
wrote in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Book of the Pioneers vol. 1</i>
where he recalls the story of President Young negotiating with Native Americans
for passage across their land.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[46]</span></span></span></span></a>
In his account he also tells of a buffalo hunt that took place along the trek
and how it was the first time that he had seen the animal.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[47]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Flake participated in all of the events surrounding the
Pioneer Jubilee. He received a Jubilee pin that had his name engraved on it, as
did all the pioneers. On July 26, 1897, the Salt Lake Tribune wrote a piece
that gave details about seven visitors who attended the Jubilee. The very first
one in the article is Flake and it states, “Among the most interesting of the pioneers
was Green Flake.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[48]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>October 22, 1903, Green Flake passed away in Idaho Falls,
Idaho. On October 22 the Deseret News placed his obituary on the front page
with the title, “Green Flake Passes Away” in bold letters at the top of the
page.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[49]</span></span></span></span></a>
Flake had become more than a slave or colored servant, even more than an
ordinary citizen, he had gained local recognition for being a pioneer of 1847.
He had sat with the President of the LDS Church, he had given speeches about
his travel to the Great Basin, and he had gained notoriety for being one of the
African Americans who entered the Salt Lake Valley with the first band of
pioneers. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Green Flake was able to overcome the racial attitudes of
the late nineteenth century because he was a pioneer. Not many African Americans
can say that they enjoyed the prominence that Flake did after the Civil War.
His name on the plaque only furthers his legend and provides another way to
honor his legacy. It is not possible to see if Hark Lay and Oscar Crosby would
have had the same reception due to their deaths prior to the increased interest
in the pioneers. However, the Brigham Young Memorial Association included the
two men in any and all records that they produced. They are also immortalized
on the plaque memorializing their accomplishments. Without assuming that Hark
Lay and Oscar Crosby would be treated the same, there is one case in which one
African American was able to transcend racial discrimination and leave a
lasting legacy. That legacy continues to persist on Cyrus Dallin’s pioneer
monument with the delineation between free whites and colored servants. <br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 24.0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after: avoid;">
<b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Primary Sources</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Brigham Young Memorial Association. "Book of the
Pioneers Vol. 1 A-L." <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">S.J. Quinney
College of Law Library, University of Utah</i>. 1847-1897.
http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/uthisstat,5878 (accessed March 14, 2012).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
Dallin, Cyrus E.
"Pioneer Monument 1897" Monument. Salt Lake City: The Church of
Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, 2012. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
Editor of
Historical Record, “The Pioneers,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Deseret
News</i>, April 2, 1890, accessed March 14, 2012, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oq9LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gTADAAAAIBAJ&pg=4895,587378&dq=pioneer+jubilee&hl=en">http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oq9LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gTADAAAAIBAJ&pg=4895,587378&dq=pioneer+jubilee&hl=en</a>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
Flake, Green.
"Green Flake to Brigham Young Memorial Association 1897"
Correspondence. Salt Lake: Daughters of the Utah Pioneers, 2012.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
International
Society Daughters of Utah Pioneers, "Jubilee Program." Last modified
2011. Accessed March 14, 2012. <a href="http://www.dupinternational.org/jubilee/program.htm">http://www.dupinternational.org/jubilee/program.htm</a>.</div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Utah Digital Newspaper,
“Fifty Years Ago Today” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salt Lake
Tribune</i>, May 31, 1897, accessed March 19, 2012, </span><a href="http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/slt17&CISOSHOW=15895&CISOPTR=15886"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/slt17&CISOSHOW=15895&CISOPTR=15886</span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">. </span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
Utah Digital
Newspaper, “Green Flake Passes Away,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Deseret
News</i>, October 22, 1903, accessed March 16, 2012, <a href="http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/den3&CISOPTR=22317">http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/den3&CISOPTR=22317</a>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
Utah Digital
Newspapers, "Jubilee Visitors" <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salt
Lake Tribune</i>, July 26, 1897, accessed March 15, 2012, <a href="http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/slt17&CISOSHOW=23530&CISOPTR=23482">http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/slt17&CISOSHOW=23530&CISOPTR=23482</a>.
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
Utah Digital
Newspapers, "The Memorial Association" <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salt Lake Tribune</i> July 21, 1897, Last modified 2011. Accessed
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Utah Digital
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<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Utah Digital Newspaper, “Some Jubilee Visitors” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salt Lake Tribune</i>, July 26, 1897,
accessed March 19, 2012, </span><a href="http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/slt17&CISOSHOW=23530&CISOPTR=23482"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/slt17&CISOSHOW=23530&CISOPTR=23482</span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">. </span></div>
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Utah Digital
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Utah
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Utah
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Utah
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Weggland, Dan.
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<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> International
Society Daughters of Utah Pioneers, "Jubilee Program." Last modified
2011. Accessed March 14, 2012. <a href="http://www.dupinternational.org/jubilee/program.htm">http://www.dupinternational.org/jubilee/program.htm</a>.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> Utah
Digital Newspapers, "Salt Lake Tribune 1897-7-21." Last modified
2011. Accessed March 14, 2012. <a href="http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/slt17&CISOPTR=31269">http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/slt17&CISOPTR=31269</a>.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> Cyrus
E. Dallin, “Monument.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Brigham Young
Monument</i>. (Salt Lake City: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day
Saints), 2012.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dallin, “Brigham Young Monument.” 2012.</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dallin, “Brigham Young Monument.” 2012.</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a> Junius
F. Wells, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Contributor: Representing
the Young Mens Mutual Improvement Associations of the Latter Day Saints</i>
(Salt Lake City: The Contributor Company, 1892), 337.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wells, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Contributor</i>, 337.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wells, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Contributor</i>, 337.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
Quoted in Junius F. Wells, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Contributor: Representing the Young Mens Mutual Improvement Associations of the
Latter Day Saints</i> (Salt Lake City: The Contributor Company, 1892), 337.</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
Brigham Young Memorial Association, “Meeting Minutes.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Brigham Young Memorial Association Papers</i>. (Salt Lake City: The
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints), 2012.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>
Association, “Meeting Minutes,” 2012.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dan Weggland, “Pioneer Banner.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints</i>. (Salt Lake City: The Church of
Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints), 2012.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
Utah Digital Newspaper, “The Pioneer Company: Names of its Members and a List
of its Outfit,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Deseret News</i>,
August 1, 1888, accessed March 14, 2012,</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>
Utah Digital Newspaper “The Pioneer Company,” 2012.</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>
Utah Digital Newspaper “The Pioneer Company,” 2012.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a>
Editor of Historical Record, “The Pioneers,” The Deseret News, April 2, 1890,
accessed March 14, 2012, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oq9LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gTADAAAAIBAJ&pg=4895,587378&dq=pioneer+jubilee&hl=en">http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oq9LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gTADAAAAIBAJ&pg=4895,587378&dq=pioneer+jubilee&hl=en</a>.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>
William Sumner Jenkins, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pro-Slavery
Thought in the Old South</i> (Gloucester: The University of North Carolina
Press, 1960), 60.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>
Jenkins, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pro-Slavery Thought in the South</i>,
49.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a>
Quoted in William Sumner Jenkins, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pro-Slavery
Thought in the Old South</i> (Gloucester: The University of North Carolina
Press, 1960), 52.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a>
C. Eric Lincoln, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Race, Religion, and the
Continuing American Dilemma</i> (New York: Hill and Wang, 1984), 39.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a>
Jenkins, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pro-Slavery Thought in the South</i>,
243.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ira Berlin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Generations of Captivity: A
History of African American Slaves</i> (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard
University Press, 2003), 263.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a>
Berlin, Generations of Captivity, 263.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a>
Berlin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Generations of Captivity</i>,
263.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a>
Lincoln, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Race, Religion, and the
Continuing American Dilemma</i>, 11. </div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a>
Edward J. Blum, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Reforging the White
Republic: Race, Religion, and American nationalism, 1865-1898</i> (Baton Rouge:
Louisiana State University Press, 2005), 126.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a>
Quoted in Newell G. Bringhurst, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Saints,
Slaves, and Blacks: The Changing Place of Black People Within Mormonism</i>
(Westport: Greenwood Press, 1981), 86.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a>
Newell g. Bringhurst, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Saints, Slaves, and
Blacks: The Changing Place of Black People Within Mormonism</i> (Westport:
Greenwood Press, 1981), 86.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a>
Bringhurst, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Saints, Slaves, and Blacks</i>,
86.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a>
Bringhurst, Saints, Slaves, and Blacks, 87.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dennis L. Lythgoe, “Negro Slavery in Utah,” Utah Historical Quarterly 39, no 1
(1971): 50.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span></span></span></a>
Charles Seldin, “Controversial Listing on Plaque: Black Utah Pioneer Lives in
Memory,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salt Lake Tribune</i>, April 14,
1975.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span></span></span></a>
Katherine B. Carter, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Story of the
Negro Pioneer</i> (Salt Lake City: Utah Printing, 1965), 4.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[34]</span></span></span></span></a>
Utah Digital Newspaper, “Jubilee Visitors,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salt
Lake Tribune</i>, July 26, 1897, accessed March 15, 2012, <a href="http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/slt17&CISOSHOW=23530&CISOPTR=23482">http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/slt17&CISOSHOW=23530&CISOPTR=23482</a>.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[35]</span></span></span></span></a>
Carter, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Story of the Negro Pioneer</i>,
5.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[36]</span></span></span></span></a>
Pat Bagley, “Living History: Slaves Arrived in Utah with Brigham Young,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salt Lake Tribune</i>, February 19, 2010,
accessed March 15, 2012, <a href="http://www.sltrib.com/ci_14437472">http://www.sltrib.com/ci_14437472</a>.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[37]</span></span></span></span></a>
Bagley, “Living History,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salt Lake
Tribune</i>, February 19, 2012, accessed March 15, 2012, <a href="http://www.sltrib.com/ci_14437472">http://www.sltrib.com/ci_14437472</a>.
</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[38]</span></span></span></span></a>
Utah Digital Newspaper, “Green Flake Passes Away,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Deseret News</i>, October 22, 1903, accessed March 16, 2012, <a href="http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/den3&CISOPTR=22317">http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/den3&CISOPTR=22317</a>.
</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[39]</span></span></span></span></a>
Utah Digital Newspaper, “The Utah Pioneers,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Deseret News</i>, August 25, 1894, accessed March 16, 2012, <a href="http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/deseretnews6&CISOPTR=106958">http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/deseretnews6&CISOPTR=106958</a>.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[40]</span></span></span></span></a>
Utah digital Newspaper, “The Twenty-Fourth at Union” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Deseret News</i>, August 1, 1888, accessed March 19, 2012, <a href="http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/deseretnews4&CISOSHOW=5369&CISOPTR=5338">http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/deseretnews4&CISOSHOW=5369&CISOPTR=5338</a>.
</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[41]</span></span></span></span></a>
Utah Digital Newspaper, “The Pioneers of 1847” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Deseret News</i>, August 25, 1894, accessed March 14, 2012, <a href="http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/deseretnews6&CISOPTR=106958">http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/deseretnews6&CISOPTR=106958</a>.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[42]</span></span></span></span></a>
Utah Digital Newspaper, “The Pioneers of 1847,” 2012.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[43]</span></span></span></span></a>
Utah Digital Newspaper, “The Pioneers of 1847,” 2012.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn44" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[44]</span></span></span></span></a>
Utah Digital Newspaper, “Salt Lake News” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ogden
Standard</i>, August 21, 1894, accessed March 19, 2012, <a href="http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/ogden4&CISOSHOW=69333&CISOPTR=69322">http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/ogden4&CISOSHOW=69333&CISOPTR=69322</a>.
</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn45" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[45]</span></span></span></span></a>
Utah Digital Newspaper, “Fifty Years Ago Today” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salt Lake Tribune</i>, May 31, 1897, accessed March 19, 2012, <a href="http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/slt17&CISOSHOW=15895&CISOPTR=15886">http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/slt17&CISOSHOW=15895&CISOPTR=15886</a>.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn46" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[46]</span></span></span></span></a>
J. Willard Marriott Library, University of Utah, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Book of the Pioneers vol. 1 A-L p. 242</i> Utah State Archives and
Records Service, accessed March 19, 2012, <a href="http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/uthisstat&CISOPTR=6299">http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/uthisstat&CISOPTR=6299</a>.
</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn47" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[47]</span></span></span></span></a>
J. Willard Marriott Library, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Book of the
Pioneers vol. 1 A-L</i>, p. 242.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn48" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[48]</span></span></span></span></a>
Utah Digital Newspaper, “Some Jubilee Visitors” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salt Lake Tribune</i>, July 26, 1897, accessed March 19, 2012, <a href="http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/slt17&CISOSHOW=23530&CISOPTR=23482">http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/slt17&CISOSHOW=23530&CISOPTR=23482</a>.
</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn49" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[49]</span></span></span></span></a>
Utah Digital Newspaper, “Green Flake Passes Away” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Deseret News</i>, October 22, 1903.</div>
</div>
</div>Viphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17711005059503919750noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825105672017536019.post-49911836651283292322012-03-02T07:54:00.002-08:002012-03-02T08:08:20.301-08:00The Odyssey as a Link to the Past<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> The Greek Dark Age was a tumultuous time in ancient Greek
history. Civilizations collapsed and many people migrated around the Aegean Sea.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span></span></a> The
transition from the Bronze Age to modern Greece is one that could not have been
made without the Dark Age. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Odyssey</i>
is able to give the reader a link between the two worlds while also offering
clues about the Dark Age as well. Transitions in politics, the economy, social and
cultural life all present themselves in Homer’s epic tale of Odysseus and his
journey home from the Trojan War.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span></span></a> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Odyssey</i> offers a glimpse into the
past by connecting the Mycenaean civilization to Ionian and Dorian cultures,
and eventually modern Greece, through the Dark Age. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The
politics of both the Bronze Age and the Dark Age can be seen in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Odyssey</i>. In ancient Bronze Age
Greece kings ruled in vast palaces over large groups of people. Through the
Dark Age people migrated in smaller groups and had more individual liberties.
Individual accountability resulted in assemblies where members of a polis or
community voted when the Dark Age ended. Homer seems to mix the two in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Odyssey</i> knowing that in ancient
Greece civilizations were run by a monarch but not fully understanding how that
would work.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span></span></a>
In book two of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Odyssey</i> Homer
writes, “He [Telemachus] at once gave orders to the clear-voiced criers to call
the long-haired Achaeans to Assembly.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span></span></a>
Homer is recounting a tale that took place in the Bronze Age where a kingship
would have been in place however the son of Odysseus is calling an assembly
which did not start forming until after the Bronze Age. This political idea
offers a link to the time period that Homer is writing instead of the period in
which the history is about.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Odysseus
comes to the land of the Cyclops in book nine of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Odyssey</i>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span></span></a> In
telling his story he explains that “The Cyclops have no assemblies for the making
of laws, nor any established legal codes, but live in hollow caverns in the
mountain heights, where each man is lawgiver to his own children and women, and
nobody has the slightest interest in what his neighbors decide.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span></span></a> This
is another example of Homer writing about the political system of his day
rather than that of the Bronze Age. The interesting piece is that Odysseus is
the king of his palace in Ithaca but here he is astonished at the idea of no
legal system for laws or no assemblies. In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Greece</i>, Robert Morkot states, “The 8<sup>th</sup>
and 7<sup>th</sup> centuries were a period of changing political structures in
which kingships gave way to elected officials.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span></span></a>
Homer seems to be stuck within his own world relating an oral history with a
political system that he does not fully understand.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">An
Economy is captured in the background of <i>The Odyssey</i>. There are a few places
that allow the reader to see beyond the story and see the Greek economy coming
through. In the first book Athene, her appearance changed, goes to Telemachus
to encourage him to get rid of the suitors who are waiting for his mother’s
hand in marriage.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span></span></a>
At this meeting “lavish portions” of meat are offered and Athene is instructed
to sit in a “beautiful carved chair” as Telemachus sits in an “ornate
easy-chair.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span></span></a>
These items show wealth in the palace as well as trade from other countries.
Homer also states, “Presently a maid came with water in a fine golden jug and
poured it out over a silver basin for them to rinse their hands.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span></span></a>
This action allows the reader to see a couple instances of the Greek economy.
Within the palace there were maids that served the wealthy class. Also there
was a golden jug and a silver basin that could have come from a trade partner.
Morkot explains, “Metals, particularly copper and gold were an important item
of exchange.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span></span></a>
Luxury trade items as well as social stratification were distinguishing
features of the Bronze Age.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[12]</span></span></span></a>
During the Dark Age luxury items ceased to be made. Pots and jugs were made for
a specific purpose and not as art or trade. In this way Homer’s writing serves
as a link between the Bronze age and the present because it shows the reader a
piece of history that was not there during the Dark Age. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The
palace is another link to the Bronze Age economy. Morkot states, “It is certain
that the centralized economies based on the palaces were disrupted and that
there was extensive destruction at many important settlements.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[13]</span></span></span></a>
The Mycenaean world came to an end around 1200 BCE.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[14]</span></span></span></a>
Homer’s epic tale offers a look into the palace at Ithaca before the
destruction that Morkot suggests. In this glimpse the reader is able to get an
idea of what a Bronze Age palace was like before that collapse. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Homer
provides a Social link for readers of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Odyssey</i> by showing “a gross perversion of the convention of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">xenia</i> (the obligation to entertain
outsiders).”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[15]</span></span></span></a>
This exchange is seen throughout <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Odyssey</i> and in different variations. Suitors of Penelope show up to the
palace of Odysseus in the first book of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Odyssey</i>. They sit at the door of the palace waiting for Penelope to make
her decision on who she will marry.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[16]</span></span></span></a>
These suitors are welcomed in and fed even though they are a hindrance to the
palace. The practice of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">xenia</i> comes
from the Greek idea that the gods mingled with common people. This idea
facilitated the idea of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">xenia</i> because
a person would not want to offend the gods by not welcoming them into his or
her home. Morkot explains that these types of classical myths influenced
ancient art and literature.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[17]</span></span></span></a>
This social norm is a link that progressed from the Bronze Age through the Dark
Age.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Homer
provides a look into the very soul of Greeks that had lived through the Dark
Age of migrating from land to land. <i>The Odyssey</i> is the tale of Odysseus journey
back to his homeland after many years of being away. The journey itself is a
link to the people of the Dark Age who yearn to go back to their homeland after
years of being away. Peter Jones states in his introduction to <i>The Odyssey</i>, “it
may well be that the Greeks who had come over to settle there [Ionia] since
1000 felt some special sympathy for epics about Greek triumphs in Ionia and
successful returns back home to Greece.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[18]</span></span></span></a>
Sympathy for epics such as <i>The Odyssey</i> makes sense since people were pushed
from their homes and across the sea. A tale such as this would unite similar
people together and offer a glimpse of a life only professed in the oral
tradition of storytelling.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> The Mycenaean culture collapsed sometime after 1200 BCE
however remnants of that culture made their way through the Dark Age.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[19]</span></span></span></a>
Homer is able to capture pieces of the old world through the oral tradition
while embedding subtle nuisances of the new. It is clear that he didn’t fully
understand some ideas such as political kingships because he had not lived with
them in his time. However ideas such as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">xenia</i>
were second nature to Homer and something that he fully understood. The oral
tradition of passing on these stories kept some instances of Bronze Age Greece
intact while others were lost to interpretation. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Odyssey</i> offers a transition from the Bronze Age through the
Dark Age to the present by linking some ideas that made it, and some that
didn’t, through the tumultuous time of mass migration through the Dark Age.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h1>
Bibliography<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"></span></h1>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
Homer. <i>The Odyssey.</i> New York: The Penguin
Group, 2003.</div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
Jones, Peter. "Introduction." In <i>The
Odyssey</i>, by Homer, xi-xlv. New York: The Penguin Group, 2003.</div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
Morkot, Robert. <i>The Penguin Historical Atlas of
Ancient Greece.</i> New York: The Penguin Group, 1996.</div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
Price, Simon and Thonemann, Peter. <i>The Birth of
Classical Europe: A History from Troy to Augustine.</i> New York: The Penguin
Group, 2011.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span></span></a>
Simon Price and Peter Thonemann, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Birth of Classical Europe: A History of Troy to Augustine </i>(New York: The
Penguin Group, 2011), 45. </div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span></span></a>
Homer, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Odyssey</i> (New York: The
Penguin Group, 2003), back cover. </div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span></span></a>
Peter Jones, “Introduction,” in Homer, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Odyssey</i> (New York: The Penguin Group, 2003), xxxiv. </div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span></span></a>
Homer, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Odyssey</i>, 15.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span></span></a>
Homer, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Odyssey</i>, 113.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span></span></a>
Homer, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Odyssey</i>, 113.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span></span></a>
Robert Morkot, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Penguin Historical
Atlas of Ancient Greece</i> (New York: The Penguin Group, 1996), 48.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span></span></a>
Homer, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Odyssey</i>, 5-7.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span></span></a>
Homer, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Odyssey</i>, 6.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span></span></a>
Homer, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Odyssey</i>, 6.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span></span></a>
Morkot, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Penguin Historical Atlas</i>,
28.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[12]</span></span></span></a>
Dr. Stephanie Christelow (Professor of History, I.S.U.), in lecture and notes,
January 2012. </div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[13]</span></span></span></a>
Morkot, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Penguin Historical Atlas</i>,
38.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[14]</span></span></span></a>
Morkot, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Penguin Historical Atlas</i>,
38.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[15]</span></span></span></a>
Jones, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Introduction”</i>, xxiv.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[16]</span></span></span></a>
Homer, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Odyssey</i>, 6.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[17]</span></span></span></a>
Morkot, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Penguin Historical Atlas</i>,
60.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[18]</span></span></span></a>
Jones, “Introduction”, xxxiii.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[19]</span></span></span></a>
Morkot, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Penguin Historical Atlas</i>,
20.</div>
</div>
</div>Viphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17711005059503919750noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825105672017536019.post-6329785439736394912012-02-23T08:19:00.001-08:002012-02-23T08:20:19.696-08:00Plato's Criticism of Democracy<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Ancient Greece, specifically Athens, is the birthplace of
democracy. Athenians pride themselves on establishing a true, direct democracy.
Citizens (defined as land holding males born of Athenian mothers) were able to
vote in an assembly where they represented their polis or communities.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span></span></a>
These male individuals were the elite of Athens, the aristocracy who were not
toiling away day after day to survive. The elite citizenship of Athens was
motivated by power, greed, and prestige. Plato was a member of the Athenian
elite, born “of ancient and noble lineage.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span></span></a>
However, Plato decided to become a philosopher instead of following his lineage
into politics.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Plato
believed that the pursuit of knowledge was a more noble cause than chasing
political glory and power. His belief that money and power dictated public policy
is the reason why he was so critical of democracy. He believed that democracy
enabled the elite citizenship to do things that were not virtuous and unjust.
Through this belief, and his pursuit for higher knowledge, Plato laid out his
philosopher king hierarchy as an ideal city. Plato’s ideal city is a utopian
idea that would eliminate greed and the pursuit of power among the ruling
class. Plato’s philosopher king hierarchy is an ideal way to run a society, not
only in ancient Greece but today as well, as it encourages the pursuit of
knowledge and education as a governing body.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Plato’s
writings give readers an idea of why he felt that democracy was not a viable option
from a philosophical stand point. Plato believed that a person’s soul contained
three parts or three desires. The first part was the desire for personal gain
and self interest. People in this state were interested in self desire or self
interested gain. In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Political Questions</i>
Larry Arnhart states, “We all begin at the preconventional level where our only
concern is our own selfish pleasures and pain. If we help others, it is only
because they have promised to help us in return.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span></span></a>
Plato’s idea was to place people in this phase into the producing class because
their main desire was monetary gain and would therefore be able to run a business
that would be successful so they could gain what they wanted therefore pursuing
the “good life.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The
second stage is the public honor desire. People who were in this phase were
concerned about enacting laws and rules that would govern the society. Arnhart
says, “at this point we see ourselves not just as isolated individuals, but as
members of society. We want to be approved by others and we obey authority
because it preserves social order.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span></span></a>
Their needs were placed below the needs of the city and therefore were more
admirable then those of the desire phase. This group, known as auxiliaries,
would be in control of enforcing laws and regulations because their desire was
honor rather than monetary gain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The
third stage was a life of reason and this stage is where Plato classified philosophers
in his hierarchy. Arnhart states, “…they took to universal moral principles
that go beyond the authority of a particular group or society.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span></span></a>
Due to the pursuit of knowledge, philosophers would be disinterested in
monetary gain or power therefore philosophers would make great rulers because
they were looking for absolute truth and metaphysical knowledge. Plato believed
that this pursuit placed philosophers above anyone who valued common sense or
scientific knowledge.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Addressing
these three phases makes Plato an elitist thinker. Arnhart states, “Many would
also regard this Platonic teaching as unduly elitist and antidemocratic and
therefore contrary to modern liberal democracy.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span></span></a>
Arnhart believes that Plato’s antidemocratic teachings are difficult for some
to grasp, however they do offer a great suggestion in appointing knowledgeable
and educated citizens in leadership positions. Ogochukwu Okpala describes it as
“a system designed to optimize the happiness of its citizens.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span></span></a>
The philosophers would rule while the auxiliaries would assist and police the
producing class.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Plato’s view of democracy is critical because he saw the
government as corruptible and greedy. In S. Sara Monoson’s book, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Plato’s Democratic Entanglements</i>, she
says, “Plato’s writings unquestionably urge readers to adopt a highly skeptical
attitude toward democracy.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span></span></a>
Plato was urging readers to understand that democracy has its problems just as
other forms of government do. Monoson continues “They [Plato’s writings]
counsel us to look beyond the powerful allure of democracy, that is, to be
constantly on guard lest we become attached to democracy.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span></span></a>
Plato knew that democracy was a great form of government but by having people
who were not knowledgeable about the issues would cause problems for the state
and its citizens by not offering the most qualified candidate to make and
enforce laws.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Plato
suggests that democracy is not best for the state because it does not bring
knowledge to the forefront, but rather, the most popular politician or best
speaker. In this ideology the state is not being governed by the most qualified
but by the person with the best image. Plato has a right to be disappointed
with Athenian democracy because Socrates was put to death by a function of that
governing body.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span></span></a>
In Plato’s eyes democracy is not a healthy government because the leadership is
not seeking knowledge. The rulers of the city-state are seeking wealth and
prestige and not placing the needs of the community above their own. Ogochukwu
Okpala offers the perfect synopsis of Plato’s ideology in his writing titled
“Plato’s Republic vs. Democracy” when he says, “When authorities are left
unchallenged, their characters appear to be altered, inverting their true
selves with alter egos incapable of putting the welfare of others before their
own.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[12]</span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Plato
believed that philosophers would make the best rulers for a society because
they would be able to put aside worldly desires since their main goal was to
obtain knowledge. Okpala states in his article on Plato and Democracy that
“Plato believed that the philosopher king was incorruptible since his only
desire was knowledge.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[13]</span></span></span></a>
Plato understood that Athenian politicians were looking for power and money,
not what was best for the city state. For this reason Plato thought it would be
best to have an “incorruptible” philosopher ruler that would be trying to
obtain metaphysical knowledge. Monoson suggest this same argument when she
states, “Plato submits that the philosopher is the most vigilant and effective
subduer of menacing tyrants (in the soul and the city), a liberator from civic
ills and founder of a just regime, a model civic benefactor, and one whose
erotic attachments (to philosophy and truth) prove the salvation of the city.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[14]</span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Gerald
Mara states, “Democratic governance cannot be guaranteed through an
artificially closed political sociology.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[15]</span></span></span></a>
Mara thinks that Plato’s ideology of setting up a new political system cannot
work when it is set up artificially like Plato was suggesting. However, Plato’s
idea of a governing body of philosopher rulers seems like it could be the best
idea in this day in age when so much emphasis is placed on a politician’s image
and rhetoric rather than his leadership or stance on the issues. Larry Arnhart
agrees with Mara when he states, “It seems that the possibility for a few
people to live like Socrates depends on the stable political order secured by
the very opinions that he questions.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[16]</span></span></span></a>
The idea that democracy gave Socrates the very freedom to become a philosopher
is absolutely true however Plato’s utopian society would still give citizens
the opportunity to seek the “good life” and the possibility that a few would
still become philosopher kings with education and knowledge.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Plato
also thought that the average citizen was not knowledgeable about the issues or
a particular political cause to make a judgment on it. A citizen would use his
subjective experience and common sense to form an opinion and then vote using
that opinion. In discussing Plato’s vision of democracy and the average
citizen, Okpala says, “The average individual may not have the wisdom to be
involved in the appointment of a leader. Those individuals that Plato described
as ‘guardians’ are the only ones with the knowledge, wisdom and virtue to run a
just city.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[17]</span></span></span></a>
Plato is right in his criticism of democracy and the average individual. The
average citizen uses emotion and heresy instead of objective moral knowledge
when making a judgment in the best case. In the worst case the individual is
not active, nor cares about the politics of his community. Monoson tells his
readers, “Plato suggested that to be a true political player is to care for the
well-being of the Athenians.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[18]</span></span></span></a>
Therefore democracy is then governed by the masses but the masses do not have
the education or the selfless pursuit to direct the affairs of that community.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Plato
offers a valid criticism of democracy by suggesting that political figures as
well as citizens are not working for the betterment of their communities,
city-states, or countries. Okpala states that Plato’s vision requires a high
moral standard for citizens and politicians alike and it may be asking too much
of human beings.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[19]</span></span></span></a>
This view seems to give citizens a way out of their moral and political
obligations which is how Plato envisioned it as well. To be involved in the
city-state was an obligation and if a citizen was not going to be involved it
was better for that person to chase the idea of the “good life” and leave the
politics to those that had a higher moral standard and more education. Plato’s
ideology is sound in suggesting that too often those seeking power and gain are
not the right people to lead. In this way Plato’s criticism is still valid and
compelling today.</span></div>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">
Bibliography<sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"></span></sup></h1>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
Arnhart, Larry. <i>Political Questions: Political
Philosophy from Plato to Rawls.</i> Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, Inc.,
2003.</div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
Field, G. C. <i>Plato and his Contemporaries: A
Study in Fourth-Century Life and Thought.</i> London: Butler & Tanner
Ltd, 1967.</div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
Mara, Gerald M. <i>The Civic Conversations of
Thucydides and Plato: Classical Political Philosophy and the Limits of
Democracy.</i> Albany: State University of New York Press, 2008.</div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
Mara, Gerald M.
"Thucydides and Plato on Democracy and Trust." <i>The Journal of
Politics</i>, 2001: 820-845.</div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
Michels, Steven.
"Democracy in Plato's Laws." <i>Journal of Social Philosophy</i>,
2004: 517-528.</div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
Monoson, S. Sara. <i>Plato's Democratic
Entanglements: Athenian Ploitics and the Practice of Philosophy.</i>
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.</div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
Okpala, Ogochukwu. "Plato's Republic vs.
Democracy." <i>Neuman Business Review </i>4, vol 1 (2009): 49-59. Accessed February 19, 2012. http://www.neumann.edu/academics/divisions/business/journal/review09/okpala.pdf.
</div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
Saunders, Trevor J. "Plato's Later Political
Thought." In <i>The Cambridge Companion to Plato</i>, by Richard Kraut,
464-492. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span></span></a>
<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span></span>
G. C. Field, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Plato and his
Contemporaries: A Study in Fourth-Century Life and Thought</i>. (London: Butler
& Tanner Ltd., 1967), 5.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span></span></a>
Field, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Plato and his Contemporaries,</i>
5.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span></span></a>
Larry Arnhart, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Political Questions:
Political Philosophy from Plato to Rawls.</i> (Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press,
Inc. 2003), 33.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span></span></a>
Arnhart, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Political Questions</i>, 33.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span></span></a>
Arnhart, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Political Questions</i>, 33.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span></span></a>
Arnhart, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Political Questions, </i>32-33.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span></span></a>
Ogochukwu Okpala, “Plato’s Republic vs. Democracy” Neumann Business Review 4,
vol. 1 (2009): 55 accessed February 19, 2012, <a href="http://www.neumann.edu/academics/divisions/business/journal/review09/okpala.pdf">http://www.neumann.edu/academics/divisions/business/journal/review09/okpala.pdf</a>.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span></span></a>
Okpala, “Plato’s Republic vs. Democracy,” 55.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span></span></a>
S. Sara Monoson, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Plato’s Democratic
Entanglements: Athenian Politics and the Practice of Philosophy</i>.
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), 113.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span></span></a>
Monoson, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Plato’s Democratic Entanglements</i>,
113. </div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span></span></a>
Fields, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Plato and his Contemporaries</i>,
10.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[12]</span></span></span></a>
Okpala, “Plato’s Republic vs. Democracy,” 50.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[13]</span></span></span></a>
Okpala, “Plato’s Republic vs. Democracy,” 50.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[14]</span></span></span></a>
Monoson, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Plato’s Democratic Entanglements</i>,
113. </div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[15]</span></span></span></a>
Gerald M. Mara, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Civic Conversation of
Thucydides and Plato: Classical Political Philosophy and the Limits of
Democracy</i>. (Albany: State University Press of New York, 2008), 236. </div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[16]</span></span></span></a>
Arnhart, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Political Questions</i>, 29-30.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[17]</span></span></span></a>
Okpala, “Plato’s Republic vs. Democracy,”54.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[18]</span></span></span></a>
Monoson, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Plato’s Democratic Entanglements</i>,
118.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6825105672017536019#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[19]</span></span></span></a>
Okpala, “Plato’s Republic vs. Democracy,” 55.</div>
</div>
</div>Viphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17711005059503919750noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825105672017536019.post-68990777202349840332012-02-09T20:22:00.000-08:002012-02-09T20:22:34.203-08:00<div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
Abstract</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Justin L. Vipperman</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Idaho State University</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Undergraduate</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Colored Servants: The Meaning of Cyrus Dallin’s Brigham Young Monument</div>
<br />
Fifty years after an initial party of Mormon pioneers made it to the Great Basin Cyrus E. Dallin constructed a monument honoring the man who led the group and the pioneers who had made the<br />
trek. Included on this plaque were the names of three African Americans distinguished by the phrase “colored servants.” Scholars have looked at this memorial as well as other evidence of slaves in the Salt Lake Valley as proof of racism and discrimination by a religion itself fleeing from discrimination. My paper, however, argues that the Brigham Young monument should be reinterpreted as a sign of surprisingly progressive Mormon attitudes towards African Americans. This research draws primarily on primary sources such as correspondence, journals, meeting documentation, and the Brigham Young Monument. This research looks specifically at the Pioneer Jubilee in 1897, when the Brigham Young Monument was created, to find out why and who added the phrase to the plaque. The research focuses on correspondence between Green Flake (one of the African American Slaves) and the Brigham Young Memorial Association as well as records from meetings held by the association. Finding answers to whom and why the phrase was added to the plaque could yield information about the pro-slavery past of America and the struggle for civil rights.</div>Viphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17711005059503919750noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825105672017536019.post-3821667839386823122012-01-20T07:45:00.001-08:002012-01-20T07:46:06.053-08:00<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:lidthemecomplexscript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> 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mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Disparity of Race: A Closer Look at the Brigham Young Monument</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: .5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black">Mormon pioneers began traveling west in 1846. They were looking for a place where they could worship without the conflicts that they were enduring in Illinois, Missouri and previously Ohio and New York. Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints had been persecuted for their beliefs since Joseph Smith had started the religion April 6, 1830. After the death of Joseph Smith, Brigham Young led a group of pioneers to Winter Quarters Nebraska, and eventually to the Utah Territory. The thousand-mile trek from the Midwest to Utah was a hard journey for the group and there were many hardships along the way. The party reached the Great Basin July 24, 1847 consisting of: one hundred and forty three men, three women, two children, seventy wagons, one boat, one cannon, ninety three horses, fifty two mules, sixty six oxen, and nineteen cows.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> However, on July 22, just two days earlier, an advance party entered Utah carrying Brigham Young and three African American Slaves that had been given to Brigham Young in Winter Quarters Nebraska. These three slaves were Green Flake, Hark Lay, and Oscar Crosby who are referred as “Colored Servants” on the Brigham Young Monument in Salt Lake City, Utah.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: .5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black">The Brigham Young Monument was commissioned in 1891 by the Brigham Young Memorial Association which had been created by the president of the church Wilford Woodruff.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> Cyrus Edwin Dallin was a Utah born sculptor who had studied in Paris and was asked to design the bronze sculpture of Brigham Young. Dallin was asked to include a trapper, Indian, and a pioneer family in addition to the statue of Brigham Young to represent those who preceded the pioneers in the Great Basin.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> He was also commissioned to sculpt the angel Moroni that sits atop the Salt Lake Temple. Dallin finished the sculpture in 1893, just in time for it to be displayed at the World’s Fair in Chicago that same year. The LDS church had a problem coming up with the $25,000 that was agreed upon to pay for the sculpture. So on July 20, 1897 the monument was finally unveiled during a celebration of the 50<sup>th</sup> anniversary of the pioneers’ arrival in the Salt Lake Valley.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4" href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">[4]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: .5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The Brigham Young Monument in Salt Lake City Utah was commissioned twenty eight years after the Emancipation Proclamation and twenty six years after the thirteenth amendment. It had been on display at the World’s Fair in Chicago for all to see. It had been designed by a sculptor that had spent time in Boston and Paris. Why then does the plaque on the north side of the monument distinguish between white pioneers and “colored servants”? Was the phrase “colored servants” specifically referred to by the Brigham Young Memorial Association when they gave the plans of the monument to C. E. Dallin? <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Did this distinguishing feature reflect the views of the sculptor or the person who the monument was created to celebrate?</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: .5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Brigham Young was born in Vermont and spent all of his life in the northern United States before making the journey to the Salt Lake Valley.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5" href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> His family owned a very small farm which did not employ slave labor. Young was a carpenter and painter, and also did not own any slaves.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn6" href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">[6]</span></span></span></span></a> If Brigham Young did not own slaves why did his views reflect a pro-slavery sentiment? Why was it important to use the phrase “colored servants” on a memorial commemorating his passage to the Great Basin? Does this phrase reflect the general ideology of the time or does it reflect a religious view that coincides with the Southern slave owner?</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: .5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black">Brigham Young preached that slavery was ordained of God even though Utah was not suited for slavery.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn7" href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">[7]</span></span></span></span></a> Slavery was legal in the Utah territory because of the Compromise of 1850 which allowed “Popular Sovereignty” (consent of the people).<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn8" href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">[8]</span></span></span></span></a> The Mormon Church did not have an official stance on owning slaves. In 1836 Joseph Smith addressed the humane treatment of slaves by their masters, and that slaves should be obedient to the slave owner.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn9" href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">[9]</span></span></span></span></a> An address given by an apostle of the Mormon Church Orson Hyde in 1851 stated that the church would not get involved in relations between a master and his slave.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn10" href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">[10]</span></span></span></span></a> In 1852 Brigham Young urged the first Utah Territorial Legislature to pass the “Act in Relation to Service” which formally sanctioned slavery and indentured servitude.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn11" href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">[11]</span></span></span></span></a> Slavery and the sale of slaves would persist in the Great Basin until the Emancipation Proclamation.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: .5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black">African American slavery was not a new concept in the United States. The American South had been built on the backs of African American slaves. Nat Turner’s Rebellion was happening during the same time that Joseph Smith was establishing the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Southerners feared a slave rebellion as well as the abolitionist movement because it meant freedom for their slaves which the southerners regarded as property. Slaveholders would have to work their own fields, or pay someone to work them, if African American slaves were freed. The Abolitionist movement threatened to divide the North and South from the nation. </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: .5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black">Southern plantation owners believed that slavery was the natural state of mankind. The Greeks, Romans, and until recently the English had owned slaves. Slaveholders believed that freeing slaves would cause economic ruin for the southern states. Abolition meant the killing of the tobacco, cotton, and rice industries in the South. Flooding the economy with freed slaves would also cause chaos in the southern states with widespread unemployment which would lead to uprising and revolution. Plantation owners defended slavery stating that slaves were better cared for than the working class of the north.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn12" href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">[12]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: .5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black">Southern slaveholders also believed that slavery was divinely sanctioned. They assumed that slavery introduced Christianity to “the heathens from across the ocean.”<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn13" href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">[13]</span></span></span></span></a> Many Southerners argued that slavery was accepted by God because Abraham had owned slaves and because of the wording in the Ten Commandments which states, "Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's house, ... nor his manservant, nor his maidservant."<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn14" href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">[14]</span></span></span></span></a> Slave owners agreed with Paul’s action in the New Testament when he returned a runaway slave to his master. Slaveholders pointed to Paul’s act as an act of pro-slavery.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: .5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black">Northerners were not all anti-slavery, although the Abolitionist movement was predominantly concentrated in the north. Northern citizens wanted slaves to be free but to stay in the south. Northern states outlawed slavery but some proceeded gradually, first outlawing the sale of slaves and then later outlawing the ownership.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn15" href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">[15]</span></span></span></span></a> Northerners feared that outlawing slavery would cause an increase in African Americans migrating to the northern states.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: .5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black">The phrase on the Brigham Young memorial is important to historians because it shows a pro-slavery bias in the territories after the Emancipation Proclamation. It could mean that a pro-slavery bias continued long after the conclusion of the Civil War. It also could mean that Brigham Young felt strongly enough about whites being superior to African Americans that the Brigham Young Memorial Association had to add the distinguishing phrase. This question is significant because of the disparity between Brigham Young’s lack of experience with slavery and his pro-slavery position.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: .5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black">Why does the Brigham Young Monument distinguish between white pioneers and “colored servants”? I intend to answer this question through the research methods that I have designed. I plan to work directly with the library of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in Salt Lake City Utah to gain the necessary primary sources to do a project like the seminar paper including Brigham Young’s journals and discourses. I will have to travel to the LDS Church library to complete my research. I am planning on spending two different days there which should give me time to research the journals of Brigham Young and the letters of Wilford Woodruff as well as papers from the Brigham Young Memorial Association. After seeing how long my research takes on day one I will be able to accurately calculate subsequent visits. Next I plan on using the America: History and Life database to get more in depth information and more primary sources that I may not be able to get through the LDS Church library. An example is the journal of Cyrus E. Dallin that was written during the making of the statues for the Brigham Young Monument. After checking for primary sources I plan to read through secondary sources that will present context of the time period and the issue of slavery.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: .5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black">Using the methods that I have outlined I anticipate to discover the reason for adding the heading of “colored servants” and the motive for making the distinction between whites and African Americans. I hope to discover who decided to add the phrase to the memorial and why it was important. The monument was erected in 1893 and because of that I assume that I will find that the Brigham Young Memorial Association used the same wording that Brigham Young used when documenting who arrived in the Salt Lake Valley. If that is the case I hope to find out why Brigham Young had views of superiority over blacks. If the association chose to distinguish between the two races on its own I would like to find out why it did so in a free nation.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman""></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: .5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black">The primary sources that I have found all relate to the time period of the 1840’s to the 1900’s. These sources will give me a basis of research from the time period. Sources such as The Book of Mormon and Doctrine and Covenants will allow me to see the doctrine that Mormons are supposed to adhere to and the differences between Mormon doctrine and slaveholder views. These sources will also give me historical context to be able to evaluate my questions.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: .5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">In the LDS Church Library there is a collection of papers from Brigham Young’s desk. This collection includes correspondence, government documents, and rough drafts of letters. I intended to gain a better comprehension of Brigham Young and his stance on African Americans through this collection of documents. This collection could hold the reason for adding the phrase and its importance.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: .5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black">The collection of newspapers from the time period will give me the information that was being reported at the time. An open letter from Wilford Woodruff to the citizens of Utah will allow me to see what he thought of the building of the memorial and why it was important. The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Messenger and Advocate</i> articles give insight into Brigham Young’s views on slavery as there are multiple columns that he wrote regarding the subject. In the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Times and Seasons</i> article Brigham Young relays a message that states that blacks do not have the wisdom or the capability to be leaders.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: .5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black">An exciting primary source is the Brigham Young Memorial Association papers that are located in the LDS Church Library. This source should yield evidence of the importance of building the monument as well as reasoning behind inserting “colored servants” on the plaque. Through this collection of papers I expect to find other primary sources that I may be able to research to broaden my knowledge of the theme and build my thesis.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: .5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black">My collection of secondary works has been a great resource already as I have read through the bibliography in most of the secondary sources to find my primary sources. Sources like the dissertations have been great resources because I have been able to find their sources easily by using the Internet. A couple of the other works have pointed me in the right direction as I have been looking for more primary sources. </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:200%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman""></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: .5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black">Works such as “Negro Slavery in the Utah Territory” and “Mormons and Slavery - A Closer Look” have given me direction. I expect to get some information that can be disputed since they are older than fifteen years old. I hope to find arguments for and against slavery in Utah within these two works that will help build my thesis and support my argument. Other works that I anticipate using are <u>Conflict and Compromise</u> and <u>Saints, Slaves, and Blacks</u> that will give me an idea of the historical arguments that arise from the issue of slavery and answer why Brigham Young held a pro-slavery position.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: .5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black">Books such as <u>Captives and Cousins</u> and <u>Slavery in the American West</u> will provide context in the broader historical sense. I expect to find the views of pioneers regarding slavery in these books. These views will help to place Brigham Young’s views in the broader context and see if his views were different from the time period or coincided with it. In these books I hope to find what the general view of slavery was and what western settlers thought about African Americans. Having this knowledge will further my research in the broader sense.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: .5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black">Brigham Young is regarded as a great spiritual leader by the Latter Day Saints which is why the church built a memorial honoring his arrival in the Great Basin. If this memorial is to honor his arrival, and the arrival of many pioneers, what is the importance of having “colored servants” as a distinction on the plaque? Is this a view of the artist, the memorial association, or of the leader himself? Through my research I expect to find the answer and uncover the reasoning behind placing the phrase on the plate after slavery was eradicated. Through my research I expect to gain knowledge of the general view of slavery in antebellum and post antebellum Utah and use that to compare and contrast Brigham Young’s views with other Mormons, western settlers, and pro-slavery northerners. I expect the research to yield the reason for the peculiarity of “colored servants” inscribed on the Brigham Young Monument.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""></span></p> <div style="mso-element:footnote-list"><br /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> Brigham Young Statue in Salt Lake City Utah.</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> Greg Hill, “Brigham Young Statue is Relocated: for 96 years, monument was in Main intersection,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Church News</i>. November 20, 1993, accessed December 9, 2011, <a href="http://www.ldschurchnews.com/articles/23623/Brigham-Young-statue-is-relocated-for-96-years-monument-was-in-Main-intersection.html">http://www.ldschurchnews.com/articles/23623/Brigham-Young-statue-is-relocated-for-96-years-monument-was-in-Main-intersection.html</a> </p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> Hill, “Brigham Young Statue is Relocated.”</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4" href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> Hill, “Brigham Young Statue is Relocated.”</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5" href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> “Young Brigham” Brigham Young University, Accessed December 9, 2011, <a href="http://unicomm.byu.edu/about/brigham.aspx">http://unicomm.byu.edu/about/brigham.aspx</a>. </p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn6" href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[6]</span></span></span></span></a> “Young Brigham”</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn7"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn7" href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[7]</span></span></span></span></a> Jeffery D. Nichols, “Slavery in Utah.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">History Blazer</i>. April 1995, Accessed December 9, 2011, <a href="http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/pioneers_and_cowboys/slaveryinutah.html">http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/pioneers_and_cowboys/slaveryinutah.html</a></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn8"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn8" href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[8]</span></span></span></span></a> Nichols, “Slavery in Utah.”</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn9"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn9" href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[9]</span></span></span></span></a> Nichols, “Slavery in Utah.”</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn10"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn10" href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[10]</span></span></span></span></a> Nichols, “Slavery in Utah.”</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn11"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn11" href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[11]</span></span></span></span></a> Nichols, “Slavery in Utah.”</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn12"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn12" href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[12]</span></span></span></span></a> “The Southern Argument for Slavery.” U.S. History Online Textbook (2011). Accessed December 9, 2011. <a href="http://www.ushistory.org/us/27f.asp">http://www.ushistory.org/us/27f.asp</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn13"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn13" href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[13]</span></span></span></span></a> “The Southern Argument for Slavery” </p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn14"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn14" href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[14]</span></span></span></span></a> “The Southern Argument for Slavery”</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn15"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn15" href="#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[15]</span></span></span></span></a> Ira Berlin, Generations of Captivity: A History of African American Slaves. (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003), 104.</p> </div> </div>Viphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17711005059503919750noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825105672017536019.post-73833306207676066772012-01-20T07:42:00.000-08:002012-01-20T07:43:30.594-08:00<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:lidthemecomplexscript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> 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0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;line-height:200%" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">The U.S. Government’s War on Communism</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%">The 1950’s were a fearful time in American history. Communism was running rampant through the world and leaders of the United States feared that Communism would find its way to American soil. Fearful of the spread of Communism, the U.S. government set out to find any Communist groups or anyone associated with the Communist Party. In so doing, the government found many citizens who were associated in some form with the Communist Party. Joseph McCarthy became the hero of the anti-communist movement in 1950 when he proclaimed: “I have in my hand fifty-seven cases of individuals who appear to be either card carrying members or certainly loyal to the Communist Party.”<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> Senator McCarthy would go on to accuse many more citizens of being part of the Communist Party. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%">The attack on Communism in America was warranted because of the fear that it was producing. Although some innocent people were held in jail, lost their jobs, or were blacklisted, there were many people with real ties to the Communist Party. With people like William Z. Foster, Alger Hiss, and the Rosenbergs, the United States government was warranted in its attack on the Communist Party and in driving fear into the hearts of American citizens to root out the problem at the very core of society. The actions of the U.S. government were not a “witch-hunt”, but a continuation of the Truman Doctrine to contain the spread of Communism. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:200%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">Fear of a Country</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:200%"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>During the early 50’s the United States government felt a legitimate fear of Communism. American officials were aware of the spread of Communism in Europe and Asia and these officials wanted to contain the spread of this ideology. This was not their only concern though. There were concerns and fears that the Soviet Union wanted to use Communism to destroy the American government and the American way of life.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:200%"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>In March of 1947 President Truman gave a speech which laid out his idea of the containment of Communism. That same year J. Edgar Hoover testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee about the intentions he felt the Communist party had saying: “[I]t stands for the destruction of our American form of government; it stands for the destruction of American democracy; it stands for the destruction of free enterprise; and it stands for the creation of a ‘Soviet of the United States’ and ultimate world revolution.”<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> Hoover’s idea was that the Communist party would take over the United States government if left to its own devices. Hoover’s sentiments revealed a true fear of the spread of Communism and what it might mean if the United States allowed a group like this to establish a presence within its borders.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:200%"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>J. Edgar Hoover also testified of the Communist tactics as explained in “Their chief textbook” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. </i>Hoover explained that for the Communists to be successful in their revolution they would need: </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left:1.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:200%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">1.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span>The will and sympathy of the people.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:200%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">2.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span>Military aid and assistance.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:200%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">3.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span>Plenty of guns and ammunition.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:200%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">4.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span>A program for extermination of the police as they are the most important enemy and are termed “trained Fascists.”</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left:1.25in;mso-add-space:auto; text-indent:-.25in;line-height:200%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">5.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span>Seizure of all communications, buses, railroads, radio stations, and other forms of communications and transportations.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[3]</span></span></span></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:200%">Giving this type of information made the threat of the Communist Party much more real in its endeavor. This was not just a list that someone had pulled off the top of his head; this was written in the Communist handbook. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%">In 1947 the United States government implemented the Federal Loyalty-Security Program to contain the spread of Communism which could be seen as a continuation of the Truman Doctrine. The U.S. government started the Federal Loyalty-Security Program which tested federal employees on their loyalty and disqualified anyone with ties “to the Communist Party or had a ‘sympathetic association’ with it.”<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4" href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> Schrecker states that “what constituted a ‘sympathetic association’ with such an organization was left deliberately vague.”<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5" href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> Leaving the term “sympathetic association” vague gave anyone searching for those associations the opportunity to keep members of the Communist Party out of the State Department. The loyalty oath would serve as a stop gap to keep any Communist sympathizer from getting into the government and destroying democracy from the inside.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:200%"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>The government was telling Americans what to fear but not who to fear. American citizens knew that a Communist takeover would not be in their best interest. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>In August of 1948 James F. O’Neil said in his anti-Communist document that Communists were everywhere and in every facet of our lives. They were progressives, liberals, and union leaders.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn6" href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[6]</span></span></span></span></a> With this kind of thinking, a Communist could be anybody. Your dry cleaner, your gas station attendant, even your neighbor could be a Communist. Citizens became watchful for any suspicious activity from those around them. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:200%"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>Senator Joseph McCarthy gave a speech in 1950 in Wheeling West Virginia, to the Women’s Republican Club. In this speech McCarthy said that citizens didn’t need to worry about Communists outside their borders but rather “enemies from within.”<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn7" href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[7]</span></span></span></span></a> The Senator made accusations that there were Communist Party members working within the walls of the White House. McCarthy then proclaimed that he had a list of people who he believed to be members of the Communist Party. As Historian Ellen Schrecker concludes it is the idea that he had a list of officials who were running the American government.<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8" href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[8]</span></span></span></span></a> The very idea of Communists working in the government was frightening for most. How could someone connected with such a horrible organization infiltrate the very government that was trying to contain it? Many questions were brought up about the list that Senator McCarthy possessed, but none more important than who was on it. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:200%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">A Perceived Threat</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:200%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span></b>With fear running rampant, some citizens were falsely accused of having ties to the Communist Party or organizations that were loosely tied to Communism. Some individuals lost their jobs, some were blacklisted and a few were jailed for their ties with the Communist Party. Although not a serious threat, these citizens did have ties, granted some were very minor.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>This group of individuals was considered a supposed threat to the government, one that could cause problems. The idea of a “witch-hunt” came from accusing individuals with weak ties to the Communist Party. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:200%"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>In November of 1947 a list was made public of organizations that were sympathetic to the Communist Party. On that list were ninety-three organizations that were thought to be connected to the Communist Party. As historian Ellen Schrecker indicates, “The list was out of date from the beginning. Many of the organizations on it were already defunct.”<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn9" href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[9]</span></span></span></span></a> Groups like the Communist Party, U.S.A., and Communist Political Association were organizations that needed to be watched. Organizations like the Connecticut State Youth Conference, Detroit Youth Assembly, or the American Peace Mobilization were where this list went too far in targeting Communist groups. These factions were a supposed threat and not a real threat to democracy or the American government. Claiming these groups (State Youth Conference, Detroit Youth Assembly, and the American Peace Mobilization) were connected with the Soviet Union is what made people think that there could be a “witch-hunt” going on.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:200%"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>Ellen Schrecker states that it was clear that those who used the Fifth Amendment would not go to jail, but they would lose their jobs.<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10" href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[10]</span></span></span></span></a> In 1952 Lillian Hellman wrote a letter to the HUAC explaining her situation. She was a playwright who was subpoenaed to testify in front of the HUAC. Lillian writes, “I am not willing, now or in the future, to bring bad trouble to people who, in my past association with them, were completely innocent of any talk or any action that was disloyal or subversive.”<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11" href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[11]</span></span></span></span></a> Lillian did not want to plead the “Fifth” because it would surely mean losing her employment, but she did not want to testify about other entertainers actions either. She was willing to answer any questions that were about her, but by answering any questions she would have to answer all questions. This letter asked the HUAC if they could leave the questioning to her and nothing else. By doing this she would be able to answer the questions and not plead the “Fifth”, thereby insuring that she would not be a, as Schrecker calls them, “Fifth Amendment Communist”<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn12" href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%">Many of these “Fifth Amendment Communists” lost their jobs because their employers did not want to be associated with the stigma, and they feared that it would lead to them testifying in front of the HUAC. Lillian Hellman ended her letter with, “I am prepared to waive the privilege against self-incrimination and to tell you everything you wish to know about my views or actions if your committee will agree to refrain from asking me to name other people. If the committee is unwilling to give me this assurance, I will be forced to plead the privilege of the Fifth Amendment at the hearing.”<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn13" href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[13]</span></span></span></span></a> She was willing to testify on her own actions. She did not want to lose her job or be blacklisted by pleading the Fifth Amendment. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%">John Henry Faulk was another person accused of having Communist ties. Faulk was blacklisted for his supposed ties, but as Schrecker explains Faulk was blacklisted for taking a stand against the blacklisting because it could ruin someone’s career<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn14" href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>. Faulk’s trial brought up some questions regarding how AWARE Inc. (an anti-Communist organization) gained its information and how it classified that info. Mark Goodson, a producer, testified that if a performer was not cleared by AWARE then that performer would be virtually unemployable.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn15" href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[15]</span></span></span></span></a> Goodson went on to testify, “All I can say is there were no differentiations made between Communists, Communist sympathizers, those who had lunch with communist sympathizers, those who knew somebody who had lunch with Communist sympathizers, and so forth”<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn16" href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[16]</span></span></span></span></a>. AWARE Inc. was not differentiating between members of the Communist Party and people who might have had lunch with someone who was a member of the Communist Party. Goodson claimed that the blacklist “included general controversy of any kind and in certain cases it even – I’m ashamed to say – included the elimination of people from shows because they had the same name as members of the Communist Party.”<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn17" href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[17]</span></span></span></span></a> Goodson had admitted to eliminating performers because their names were the same as names of supposed Communists. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%">Blacklisting performers, compiling a list of supposed Communist organizations, and making performers testify about the action of other performers caused unemployment for many musicians, broadcast personalities, actors, and actresses. The actions of groups like AWARE Inc. were good in nature but attacked a group of performers that were a supposed threat and not one that actually had major ties to the Communist Party. This debacle created a conflict throughout Hollywood and spurred along the idea of a “witch-hunt”.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:200%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> </b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:200%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">A Real Threat</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:200%"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>Hoover’s testimony before the un-American Activities Committee had brought to light what the Communist Party was trying to do. Senator McCarthy’s speech in Wheeling West Virginia had instilled fear that the Communist were trying to infiltrate the U.S. government. Although the actions of AWARE Inc. and similar groups were largely fear tactics, there was a perceived threat of Communism in the entertainment industry. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:200%"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>In 1947 William Z. Foster published his book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The New Europe</i>. Schrecker explains that Foster was a leader of the American Communist Party and was becoming hostile to the American government.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn18" href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[18]</span></span></span></span></a> Foster’s book, although Communist propaganda, argued that American capitalism was destroying society. Foster wrote, “There is a growing understanding among the peoples all over Europe of these elementary facts: (a) that the private profit interests of the big capitalists conflict basically with the interests of the nation; (b) that the big capitalists are the source of the major economic and political evils that modern society is a prey to… and (c) that to abolish these evils the power of the monopolist capitalist must be broken and the people take full command of society’s industrial and governmental machine.” <a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn19" href="#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[19]</span></span></span></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%">William Foster disliked capitalism and wrote that it was ruining America’s society. Foster also stated that the Iron Curtain (a physical boundary dividing Communist Europe from non-Communist Europe) was American propaganda against communism. Foster said that “the only ‘iron curtain’ in reality has been created by the Anglo-American press and diplomatic circles.”<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn20" href="#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[20]</span></span></span></span></a> Foster’s idea was that the American government and media was inventing the Iron Curtain. He also thought that the Truman Doctrine was a way for the U.S. to fund “European reactionary minorities” in revolution to destroy Communism<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn21" href="#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[21]</span></span></span></span></a>. By using this rhetoric and propaganda William Z. Foster became a real threat to the American way of thinking. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%">Klaus Fuchs said in his confession to William Skardon, “I had already joined the Communist Party because I felt I had to be in some organization.”<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22" href="#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[22]</span></span></span></span></a> Fuchs was approached by a professor to do some work on a project and Fuchs accepted without knowing what the work would be. Klaus Fuchs thought that “the Western Allies deliberately allowed Russia and Germany to fight each other to the death.”<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn23" href="#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[23]</span></span></span></span></a> Because of this idea, Fuchs was not opposed to giving information to the Russians about his scientific work on the plutonium bomb. Fuchs had become a real threat to the Americans because he was supplying the Russians with the information to create their own atom bomb. He was not deliberately a serious threat to begin with but became a serious threat as he worked with the Russians supplying them with more and more information.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%">Julius and Ethel Rosenberg paid the “heaviest price,”<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn24" href="#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[24]</span></span></span></span></a> according to Ellen Schrecker because the Rosenbergs were the only Communists executed during the Red Scare. Schrecker explains that Ethel was not a spy, and the FBI knew it, but it brought up a case against her in hopes that her husband Julius would confess to obtaining secrets to give to the Russians<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn25" href="#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[25]</span></span></span></span></a>. According to the FBI files, officials were hoping that the thought of the electric chair would make Julius Rosenberg confess. A memo from A.H. Belmont to D.M. Ladd states, “Mr. McInerney advised that there is insufficient evidence to issue process against her [Ethel Rosenberg] at this time. He was of the opinion that it might be possible to utilize her as a lever against her husband [Julius Rosenberg].”<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn26" href="#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[26]</span></span></span></span></a> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%">According to telegrams sent from the KGB that were intercepted by the FBI, Julius Rosenberg was recruiting his friends to collect intelligence and military secrets that he was giving to the Soviets. Judge Irving Kaufman said in his sentencing, “I consider your crime worse than murder.”<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn27" href="#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[27]</span></span></span></span></a> Judge Kaufman went on to say that because of Mr. Rosenberg’s actions the Russians had received information about the atom bomb years earlier than anyone had anticipated and that this “had, in his opinion, caused the Communism aggression in Korea.”<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn28" href="#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[28]</span></span></span></span></a> The Rosenbergs continued to insist that they were innocent, but on June 19, 1953 they were put to death.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%">Ellen Schrecker emphatically states, “Significantly, all these people [Klaus Fuchs, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg] were Communist.”<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn29" href="#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[29]</span></span></span></span></a> These three were a major reason that the U.S. government was fighting the war on Communism in the United States. Schrecker says, “It is hard to have a witch-hunt without witches.”<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn30" href="#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[30]</span></span></span></span></a> The Rosenbergs and Klaus Fuchs are a few of the” witches” that the government was finding. The “witches” were not playing around, they were giving secrets to the Soviets, and that moved Communism down the path of destruction for the United States.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:200%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">Conclusion</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:200%"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>In the past 50 years many Americans have characterized McCarthyism as a “witch-hunt” similar to the Salem Witch Trials. American citizens see Senator McCarthy as the villain pulling Communists out of his hat to further his career, but that is not so. There were real fears behind the red scare, including revolution, covert operations, and nuclear bombs. As J. Edgar Hoover expressed, there was a real threat from the Communist Party and the ideology it adhered to. There were some members of society that were persecuted for associating with organizations or people who were questionable. At the same time, there were individuals who were doing the very things that Hoover talked about. The Communist Party was real and trying to survive in America. Some Communists were trying to start a revolution, and ultimately it cost two people their lives. The U.S. Government had a right to be afraid of what the Communist Party stood for and what the Soviets were doing to create change in the world. The attack on Communism was warranted in preserving the American way of life and continuing the policy set forth by President Truman in containing Communism. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;text-indent:.5in; line-height:200%" align="center"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;text-indent:.5in; line-height:200%" align="center"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;text-indent:.5in; line-height:200%" align="center"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;text-indent:.5in; line-height:200%" align="center"> </p> <span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"><br /> </span> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <h1>Bibliography<span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;color:windowtext;mso-fareast-language:EN-US; font-weight:normal"></span></h1> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in"><span style="mso-no-proof:yes">Schrecker, Ellen. ""I have in My Hand...": Senator Joseph McCarthy Charges That There Are Communist in the State Department." In <i>The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Documents</i>, by Ellen Schrecker, 237-241. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2002.</span></p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in"><span style="mso-no-proof:yes">Schrecker, Ellen. "Atomic Espionage and the Rosenberg Case." In <i>The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Documents</i>, by Ellen Schrecker, 155-170. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2002.</span></p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in"><span style="mso-no-proof:yes">Schrecker, Ellen. "From the Communist Party's Perspective: William Z. Foster Looks at the World in 1947." In <i>The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Documents</i>, by Ellen Schrecker, 119-121. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2002.</span></p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in"><span style="mso-no-proof:yes">Schrecker, Ellen. "Guilt by Designation: The Attorney General's List." In <i>The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Documents</i>, by Ellen Schrecker, 190-196. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2002.</span></p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in"><span style="mso-no-proof:yes">—. <i>The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief Histroy with Documents.</i> Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2002.</span></p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in"><span style="mso-no-proof:yes">Schrecker, Ellen. "The American Communist Party." In <i>The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Documents</i>, by Ellen Schrecker, 5-11. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2002.</span></p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in"><span style="mso-no-proof:yes">Schrecker, Ellen. "The Blacklist in Operation: Testimony from the John Henry Faulk Trial." In <i>The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Documents</i>, by Ellen Schrecker, 250-257. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2002.</span></p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in"><span style="mso-no-proof:yes">Schrecker, Ellen. "The Dilemma of an Unfriendly Witness: Lillian Hellman Takes the Fifth Amendment." In <i>The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Documents</i>, by Ellen Schrecker, 226-228. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2002.</span></p> <p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in"><span style="mso-no-proof:yes">Schrecker, Ellen. "The Truman Administration Deals with the Communist Menace: The 1947 Loyalty-Security Program." In <i>The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Documents</i>, by Ellen Schrecker, 171-176. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2002.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <div style="mso-element:footnote-list"><br /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> Quoted in Ellen Schrecker, <u>The age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Documents</u> (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2002), 240.</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> Quoted in Schrecker, <u>The Age of McCarthyism</u>, 127.</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> Quoted in Schrecker, <u>The Age of McCarthyism</u>, 128.</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4" href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> Ellen Schrecker, “The Truman Administration Deals with the Communist Menace” in Ellen Schrecker, <u>The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Documents</u> (Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2002), 171.</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5" href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> Schrecker, <u>The Age of McCarthyism</u>, 171.</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn6" href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[6]</span></span></span></span></a> In Schrecker, <u>The Age of McCarthyism</u>, 123.</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn7"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn7" href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[7]</span></span></span></span></a> Quoted in Schrecker, <u>The Age of McCarthyism</u>, 238.</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn8"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn8" href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[8]</span></span></span></span></a> Ellen Schrecker, “’I Have in My Hand…’” in Ellen Schrecker, <u>The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Documents</u> (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2002), 237.</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn9"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn9" href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[9]</span></span></span></span></a> Ellen Schrecker, “Guilt by Designation” in Schrecker, <u>The Age of McCarthyism</u>, 190.</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn10"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn10" href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[10]</span></span></span></span></a> Ellen Schrecker, “The Dilemma of an Unfriendly Witness: Lillian Hellman Takes the Fifth Amendment” in Ellen Schrecker, <u>The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Documents</u> (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2002), 226.</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn11"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn11" href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[11]</span></span></span></span></a> Quoted in Schrecker, <u>The Age of </u>McCarthyism, 227.</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn12"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn12" href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[12]</span></span></span></span></a> Schrecker, <u>The Age of McCarthyism</u>, 226.</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn13"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn13" href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[13]</span></span></span></span></a> Quoted in Schrecker, <u>The Age of McCarthyism</u>, 228.</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn14"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn14" href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>Ellen Schrecker, “The Blacklist in Operation: Testimony from the John Henry Faulk Trial” in Ellen Schrecker, <u>The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Documents</u> (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2002), 250. </p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn15"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn15" href="#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[15]</span></span></span></span></a> In Schrecker, <u>The Age of McCarthyism</u>, 253.</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn16"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn16" href="#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[16]</span></span></span></span></a> Quoted in Schrecker<u>, The Age of McCarthyism</u>, 254.</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn17"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn17" href="#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[17]</span></span></span></span></a> Quoted in Schrecker, <u>The Age of McCarthyism</u>, 254.</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn18"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn18" href="#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[18]</span></span></span></span></a> Ellen Schrecker, “From the Communist Party’s Perspective: William Z. Foster Looks at the World in 1947” in Ellen Schrecker, <u>The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Documents</u> (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2002), 119.</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn19"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn19" href="#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[19]</span></span></span></span></a> Quoted in Schrecker, The Age of McCarthyism, 120.</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn20"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn20" href="#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[20]</span></span></span></span></a> Quoted in Schrecker, <u>The Age of McCarthyism</u>, 120.</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn21"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn21" href="#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[21]</span></span></span></span></a> In Schrecker, <u>The Age of McCarthyism</u>, 121.</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn22"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn22" href="#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[22]</span></span></span></span></a> Quoted in Schrecker, <u>The Age of McCarthyism</u>, 157.</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn23"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn23" href="#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[23]</span></span></span></span></a> Quoted in Schrecker, <u>The Age of McCarthyism</u>, 158.</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn24"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn24" href="#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[24]</span></span></span></span></a> Ellen Schrecker, “Atomic Espionage and the Rosenberg Case” in Ellen Schrecker, <u>The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Documents</u> (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2002), 155.</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn25"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn25" href="#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[25]</span></span></span></span></a> Schrecker<u>, The Age of McCarthyism</u>, 156.</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn26"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn26" href="#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[26]</span></span></span></span></a> Quoted in Schrecker, <u>The Age of McCarthyism</u>, 164.</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn27"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn27" href="#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[27]</span></span></span></span></a> Quoted in Schrecker, <u>The Age of McCarthyism</u>, 167.</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn28"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn28" href="#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[28]</span></span></span></span></a> Quoted in Schrecker, <u>The Age of McCarthyism</u>, 167.</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn29"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn29" href="#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[29]</span></span></span></span></a> Schrecker, <u>The Age of McCarthyism</u>, 155.</p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn30"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn30" href="#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[30]</span></span></span></span></a> Ellen Schrecker, “The American Communist Party” in Ellen Schrecker, <u>The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Documents</u> (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2002), 5.</p> </div> </div>Viphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17711005059503919750noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825105672017536019.post-23588258946143479282010-04-04T21:53:00.000-07:002010-04-04T22:33:33.692-07:00Things move slower in a small town. I know that everyone says that but it is true. You may be sitting in traffic in a big city, or waiting for public transportation somewhere. You may be bored just sitting around your city apartment thinking about how nothing ever happens there. Trust me on this though, things move slower in small towns. It is a culture thing that makes everything in a small town move at a creep. Even now after being away from Wendell for seven years I still feel it in me some days. The city is moving 100 miles per hour compared to life in a small town. People on cell phones, business getting done on the fly, people just wanting to get to the store seems faster in the city then it does in a small town. Tractors driving down main street, people riding horses and cattle getting out of pastures are just a few of the things that make it slower. It isn't just that though, it is the pace of life. It isn't like people in a small town aren't in a hurry, it is just a different hurry then you may be use to. I liked to drive fast, but not to get anywhere. Week days in the summers were spent at Thousand Springs just hanging out with friends. Winters we would all head to Pomerell to snowboard. We would take our time and just hang out. These times were some of the funnest times for me.<br /><br />One day Kendi, Jeremy and I headed down to Miracle Hot Springs or the ol' "soak-n-poke" as we use to call it. It was during school and we just needed to get away for the afternoon. We got a private room and just hung out and talked. We spent a lot of time in the Hagerman Valley just hanging out.<br /><br />The stories that you hear on TV are not always true, they are close but not true. We do not go cow tipping, however we would tell people from out of town that we did and we would show them where to do it. One night we left a kid from California out in the desert when we told him that he had to get a little closer to the cow to tip it over. We spent a lot of time in the desert drinking and screwing around. One night we drove out to the desert where Donny was spending the night. We took some paint ball guns with us and went out to scare him. We found him drunk down in a sand dune. We pulled up and jumped out like we were going to shoot him and he started freaking out. He ended up dumping his whole bottle of Malibu Rum in the sand, he was so drunk that he started grabbing the wet sand and shoveling it in his mouth so it didn't go to waste.<br /><br />Hanging out at Maverick was another thing that we did on a Friday or Saturday night. You would catch everyone in town coming through to get gas. You could just hang out there until you found something cool to do. One night a few of us were hanging out at Maverick and a few chicks rolled up, one of which I thought was cute. They walked in and grabbed some snacks on their way to Twin to see what was happening. When they walked out I asked the one if she wanted to make out. As a joke she turned and kneed me in the junk. She really meant it has a joke but she caught me square and dropped me right there in the middle of town. I was in pain for the next hour, luckily Maverick had free ice which I used that night.<br /><br />I also I got into some trouble hanging out at Maverick. The police station was on the backside of Maverick in a single wide trailer. The police would always be coming over to get a drink or a doughnut. It was hilarious though because Maverick was always getting robbed. Everyone in town thought that it was so hilarious when Maverick would get robbed when the cop shop was right there. Anyway one night I went down to get some chocolate for my mom. I had been out after curfew a few times before this and had always been advised to take a note from my parents with me. So this time I made sure that my mom gave me one. As I was getting ready to leave Officer Goff walked in and I immediately knew I was in trouble. Officer Goff was always so ticked off at me for some reason. As I went to walk out he grabbed me and asked what I was doing out so late. I told him that I had been sent by my mom and that I had a note. He took the note and then proceeded to tell me that it didn't have a date on it. I told him he could call my parents and ask. He got in my face about how I was always getting into trouble and he didn't need to call my parents. He kept me there for an hour threatening to take me to jail. When I got home my mom drove me back down there and waited in the car to see if I would get in trouble but he didn't show back up.Viphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17711005059503919750noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825105672017536019.post-78284283019031079132010-01-24T20:46:00.000-08:002010-01-24T21:53:39.816-08:00A lot of my stories revolve around my 1980 Datsun pickup that I inherited from my grandfather. My earliest memories of this pickup have my grandfather and I heading out to the farm to irrigate. We would spend a lot of time out at the farm with grandpa getting the water from the ditch to the field and me watching in amazement. You see I had tried it a few times and could never get the water to flow out of the ditch, up a black tube and into the field. Grandpa could just place the pipe in the ditch and with a flick of his wrist, palm over the hole, the water would come right out. He would always get a kick out of me trying and trying until I finally just put the pipe in my mouth and sucked the water out. More then one time I had water coming out my nose and I would come up sputtering and coughing.<br /><br />Another memory is the time that grandpa had to head to Jerome and I had to stay with grandma. I wanted to go with grandpa so I went out and jumped in the bed of the truck and waited for grandpa to leave. After a little bit he came out and got in the truck and headed out. We were on the freeway before he realized that I was in the back and had to pull over to get me up front. He was not very happy with me and cussed me all the way to Jerome and back.<br /><br />As far back as I can remember grandpa told me that truck was going to be mine. I would get in the driver seat and pretend that I was driving. My feet wouldn't even reach the rusted out floor boards and the steering wheel seemed like a huge wagon wheel it was so big. I loved that truck and even more I loved the idea that I was so favored by my grandfather that he was going to give me his truck.<br /><br />Now, you're not reading this to hear my lame memories but to get sucked in by all my crazy antics so I will proceed. The first thing I did when I got the truck was rear end a lady on Blue Lakes Blvd in Twin Falls. I was trying to change lanes and wasn't watching in front of me and I slammed into the back of her. I was only doing 25 or 30 mph but it was a huge accident on my side. I smashed my face on the steering wheel and punched my teeth through my lip. I got out of the truck and told the lady I hit I was so sorry. She told me that I needed to clean up because my face was a mess. I went into JB'S and cleaned up and when I came out the women told me that she had called the police. She looked over her damage and then shut her trunk since that is all the damage she had sustained. My Datsun on the other hand was completely totalled. The entire front end was smashed and later we would find out that I had bent the frame. I had called my dad and when he got there he was so pissed. I remember the ambulance worker asking me if I wanted to ride with them to the hospital and I told them yes because my dad was going to kill me. I didn't go with them, instead we pushed the truck into the parking lot in front of Hastings. I was trying to get everything cleaned up while my dad was upset with me and when I shut the door to the truck to leave I noticed that I had locked the keys in the truck. It took us another 45 minutes, using a hanger, to get the keys out. My face was so swollen and I had wrecked my grandpas truck on the busiest intersection in Twin Falls. For days afterward I had people stare at me for a long time and then finally ask what had happened in that accident. They had driven by and seen me out there with my fat lip bleeding everywhere.<br /><br />Over the next 9 months my dad, Marc and I would work on the truck. I learned a bunch from rebuilding the front end on that truck but the one thing that I got from it was that my dad could find anything to improvise when fixing this thing. We would joke that the front end was held together with duct tape and a hinge. Now the duct tape wasn't true but the hinge was in there. We couldn't find a washer that fit so my dad used a hinge instead. He did that a few places like where the frame was bent so badly that we couldn't reach the hole with the screw we just got a longer screw and used a bunch of washers. These times were not the funnest times but they were invaluable in hind sight.<br /><br />After getting the truck back together I decided that I had spent too much time watching Knight Rider and Dukes of Hazzard to not put into effective what I had learned. I immediately set out to recreate almost every scene that I could remember. I would jump that truck over anything that I could find, I would fishtail even on a paved road, and best of all I would go as fast as that truck would go almost all the time. One night a couple kids and I decided to play cat and mouse. I had chased their car for awhile and now it was my turn to see if I could ditch them. Marc was with me and we headed to the country to see if we could lose them. I made a few spin moves and headed full boar down the road towards the highway. As Marc and I looked across the field we could see a diesel truck coming down the highway that intersected with the country road that we were on. We looked at each other and I hit the gas. This was going to be how I ditched these guys and I knew if I could out run the diesel I would lose them. Faster and faster we sped towards the highway and at the last minute I thought we may not make it, but we sped through the intersection and down the road on the other side. I can't tell you how close we came for two reasons. One, even if I did know you would think that I was exaggerating. Two I was eyes forward and balls to the wall trying to make it through that intersection without getting tagged by that truck. It wasn't until later that night when we caught back up with the other car at Maverick and everyone kept telling me how close we came to a huge accident that night. They all thought that I was crazy and from that time on people would ask me to drive whenever we were going to do something crazy because they knew that we could at least get away.<br /><br />This incident just fueled me to drive faster and crazier then the last time. One night I was driving from one friends house to another and a cop got behind me. Growing up in Wendell you learned that the cops thought they had more authority then they did. No one respected them and you could usually find them at Miller Brothers having a coffee break or sitting in their single wide trailer office behind Maverick. Needless to say I had no respect for these guys so when this guy got behind me I thought for sure he was going to pull me over for the fun of it. I decided to ditch this guy in the country and I took off. His lights came on immediately and it was on. I drove down the frontage road and instead of making the corner I sped through a potato cellar and hit the road on the other side. The cop went to the corner and then hit the gas to catch up with me. I had the distinct thought that he could out run me at anytime so I was going to have to so something creative to get away. We came up on the field that my grandfather had farmed. I knew that field had a canal that ran along the one side and if I could run along it the cop wouldn't be able to follow so close. I took the chance and cut a hard left and onto the dirt road. The truck fishtailed a bit but I got it under control and sped down the road. About halfway into the field I saw the cop car turn around and shut off his lights. I made it to the other side and and took off on the pavement to another potato cellar where I hid for about 30 minutes just to make sure he wasn't going to find me. In case you don't know about potato cellars, when there aren't potatoes in them they are completely empty in the middle and along the sides there are huge metal tubes that they use to ventilate when the potatoes are in there. I used a lot of potato cellars to get away because you could pull in behind a few tubes standing upright and shut off your lights and no one would be able to see you. It was a great way to get away from anyone.Viphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17711005059503919750noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825105672017536019.post-85497471734847838482009-07-26T16:50:00.000-07:002009-07-26T17:15:54.546-07:00I don't remember making a conscious decision that I was going to start wreaking havoc, it just sort of happened. Marc and I had been skating in Twin and so naturally we kept doing it when we moved to Wendell. We use to go down to the elementary school and skate around the sidewalks and try new tricks. One day we ran into a kid doing the same thing who lived right across the street, his name was Donny. Donny isn't like any kid you know, he was different and we use to have a blast with him.<br /><br />Donny use to mow this guys yard and we would go over and wait for him to finish so we could go skate. One afternoon I had pulled up in my Datsun pickup and honked the horn. Donny came busting tail from around the side of the house and was close lined by a tree branch. He did a full back flip and landed on his stomach and he just got up laughing. Another time we stole a parking block from a doctors office in town. We were carrying it over to the middle school so we could rail slide it off the stairs. Well Donny was getting tired and he dropped it right on his foot. I thought that it wasn't a big deal but then blood started coming out of his shoe. Donny said that it was nothing and that he was going to skate that rail since he had put so much work into stealing it. He made a couple of passes and then said that he had to go home. Donny didn't skate for 6 weeks after that since he had busted up his foot pretty bad.<br /><br />Marc, Donny and I use to skate all over town and would frequently get stopped by the cops for trespassing and being out after curfew. We never went without a fight and that is where we started getting into trouble. One day we were skating at the elementary school and a cop stopped by and told us to get out of there. We walked over to Donny's house and hung out until the cop left and then we went right back. The three of us skated over there for awhile and we started to get thirsty so we tried a couple of the doors to the school and found that there was one door that was unlocked. We went in and got a drink and used the facilities and then went back out to skate. Not long after that the same cop came back and saw that we were out there skating again and he pulled his car right onto the grass and came out yelling at us to come over there. We scattered, running in all directions around the school. At one point Marc and Donny decided to hide in the school and made it back to that door, I was not so lucky. I ended up giving all of my information to the cop while Marc and Donny watched from inside the school.<br /><br />One night we were skating at the bank and a cop came by and told us to leave so we booked it down to the other bank in town to skate down there. We had been there for about an hour when some drunk from Stockman's Bar came down and told us that he could skate. He was dressed in cowboy boots, wranglers, and a tank top. One of us let him use our board thinking that this guy was going to eat it since he was so drunk. To our amazement he got up on the board and skated down the sidewalk and back. When he came back he did a handstand on the board and road for just a minute before he ate it head first into the pavement. We all got a good laugh and the guy stumbled up the road out of sight.Viphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17711005059503919750noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825105672017536019.post-28705110308824372042009-04-30T22:18:00.000-07:002009-05-01T18:29:59.829-07:00Moving to Wendell.Moving was a pretty big deal to me at 15. I didn't want to leave Twin and what I had going there. I really didn't have a choice though. My grandfather had died that summer and my parents were moving 20 miles away to the town that they had been raised in. I had spent a lot of time in Wendell growing up since I had lived there when I was younger and both my grandparents lived there. It wasn't like this was a foreign place to me but it was quite a bit smaller then what I had been use to. Even though Twin is still a small town I considered myself to be a city kid. I hadn't ridden a horse or raised livestock and I had no desire to do so. I wanted to move to California and I was pretty sure that I would fit in there. I knew for a fact that moving to this small town was a step in the wrong direction.<br /><br />Marc and I started by driving to two a day football practices in Wendell from Twin every morning and night. We didn't mind it since we were able to take my dads Honda Del Sol. The Honda Del Sol was my dads mid-life crisis. It was a little two seater convertible, white with black interior. He would loan it out to kids to take their dates to prom. I use to love this car and had he not wrecked it I am sure that I would have. I borrowed it one night to go to a party and when I pulled up a bunch of girls asked if they could have a ride. I said sure and before I knew it I had 12 girls packed in that car, some in the trunk, one on my lap and a bunch packed into the other seat and area behind the two seats. It was crazy and I had a blast.<br /><br />Well one morning after football practice Marc and I got on the freeway to head back to Twin to continue packing and a little 280-Z from Colorado passed us doing 100 mph. I told Marc that we were going to follow him and we headed right behind him. By the time we hit Jerome we were doing 110 mph and just flying home. We made it home in 10 minutes that day and never did see a cop.<br /><br />Marc and I loved football practice because the coaches always pitted us against each other. This wasn't new to us, our dad had given us football pads for Christmas one year. We would go out to the back yard and pretend that one of us were kicking off and the other returning. We would get on either side of the yard and run as fast as we could at each other. The hits were vicious, but we always got up for more. We loved hitting each other and one was always trying to out do the other. I am not proud to say it but Marc was the one who usually conquered but I tried not to let him know it. As the oldest you don't want your younger brother to know that he is getting the best of you.<br /><br />The coaches always made us do drills against one another and I loved it. We had a blast but we would fight often because of dumb things and it would carry over to the football field. I think that is why we would go so hard at each other, we were mad and we really were giving it all we could to beat the other. One of our coaches once told my dad that we loved to hit and we did.<br /><br />Another thing that we liked to do was get into trouble. This was the whole point of this whole thing in the first place. Trouble seemed to come natural to the two of us. It was not uncommon to hear people say it was those two Vipperman boys, they did it. That is the reason that even years after Marc and I had moved away we were blamed for holding up the local gas station at night, and everyone believed it. It ended up being my two cousins but they were in my parents car so everyone in town thought that it was Marc and I. We got into quite a bit of trouble and this is where my story really starts.Viphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17711005059503919750noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825105672017536019.post-39542766720934805202009-03-22T01:19:00.000-07:002009-03-24T07:36:40.175-07:00The Early Years ContdThinking back now it doesn't seem like such a big deal. Double doors into the gym with a single pane of glass in each door. I could see kids sitting against the wall through those windows and it seemed like, for just a moment, I was looking through the eyes of a popular kid. Jesse opened the door for me and I walked in looking around like I had never seen the gym before. Jesse led me over to a group that was sitting behind the back board and we joined them. I looked up to the bleachers to see my group all sitting down where they usually sat. I could be imagining that they were pointing and snickering but that is how I remember it. I remember being so mad at that group that I don't remember how things went on the basketball floor that morning before school. They must have gone pretty good though because I never did sit in the bleachers again.<br /><br />Things really started to change for me because of this change in friends. Jesse and I would bring our skateboards to school and skate during lunch or after school when I didn't have practice. There always seemed to be a group around watching what we were doing and because of it I was becoming more confident. I had always been very outgoing but I wasn't very confident. Now I was exuding confidence and things started to click for me.<br /><br />I made friends with a couple of girls that I thought had to be the most popular girls in town, Tina and Jolie. The best thing was that they seemed to like hanging out with Jesse and I. It was during this time that I started to not care what people thought of me. The four of us would hang out during school and just have a blast. One day we all stood in an alcove by our shop class and acted like we were mannequins. Everyone thought that it was so funny and we really had a blast with it. Another time we were waiting for a basketball game to start and the opposing teams fans were just showing up. We decided to introduce ourselves to everyone who came in. It was funny but after awhile it got boring so I started introducing myself as a different person from different states to everyone. As one person would walk in I would say "Hi, I'm Clint from Texas!" and to the person with them I would say "Hi, I'm Mike from Florida!". Most of the people would laugh and go on there way but the girls found it funny and during the game I kept having girls come by and introducing themselves just so I could make up another funny name or place that I was from.<br /><br />I really became someone that I wanted to be during that time. Qualities that I had but wasn't confident enough to use were now coming naturally to me. I began to play this person all of the time no matter where I was. Jesse and I would meet by the school in the morning and we would walk to seminary together. We would get there a few minutes before it started and decide that we should skip it. Well everyone had seen us so when they called roll someone would say that we were there but that we must be ditching. Our teacher would then come looking for us and we had such a blast hiding from him because he would get so mad.<br /><br />Seminary was at the church in the early morning and we were always getting into trouble for wearing clothes that were not appropriate. Unlike girls who would get in trouble for wearing to little we would get in trouble for wearing our pants to big or some crazy shirt. I had a 26Red t-shirt that I loved, it had a burlesque girl on the back with the company logo. I wore it the first time and my seminary teacher told me I had to turn it inside out and that I shouldn't wear it again. After that I decided that I needed to wear it everyday that I could, to the point that he kicked me out of seminary until I could dress the part. This display of defiance became my new mantra and from that point on I stared into the face of the establishment and gave them the finger.<br /><br />Jesse and I had an <span class="blsp-spelling-corrected" id="SPELLING_ERROR_1">English</span> class together and our teacher was really cool but he seemed to not like us very much. So we would goof off in his class more then we probably should have. One day he gave us some free time so Jesse and I put on our backpacks and sat on the heat register at the far end of the room. We were talking about how cool it would be to skydive when we got the idea to simulate it right there in class. We jumped up on the heat register and jumped off with our backpacks acting as though they were parachutes. We flew around the room doing different <span class="blsp-spelling-corrected" id="SPELLING_ERROR_2">maneuvers</span> all the while Mr. <span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_3">Fewkes</span> was yelling at us to stop. We pretended to pull the zip cord and float to the ground while other kids in the class were laughing at us. Jesse and I were sent out into the hall where we had to spend the rest of the period for being disruptive. Another time we decided to drag race our desks while Mr. <span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_4">Fewkes</span> was gone, so we got a couple of kids to race against. One of us sat in the desk and the other pushed. The one pushing would push the desk about five feet or so and stop and see how fast they could get the desk going and if it could reach the wall. It did a few times and when Mr. <span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_5">Fewkes</span> came back to the classroom we had busted two desks and broken a bookshelf. For that we all got a call to our parents and I got in big trouble.<br /><br />That wasn't the only time that I made a fool out of myself. One day it was raining really hard and there happened to be a puddle between the main building and the annex. I decided that I had to slide through it after lunch right before going to class. Jesse decided that if I was going to then he need to as well. We both ran and slid through this puddle as a group of kids cheered us on. We went to class soaking wet and with little pieces of grass all over. After class I told Jesse that I was going to do that between every class for the rest of the day, and I would have if it wasn't that we ended up getting into trouble about our third time through and being sent home for the day.Viphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17711005059503919750noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825105672017536019.post-9859133765655896902009-02-16T15:54:00.000-08:002009-03-24T07:37:14.623-07:00The classroom was bigger then Simon had thought it would be. He walked in the door and down a flight of stair about halfway. He stepped into the row of seats and sat down in a chair after taking his messenger bag off and setting it on the floor. Simon looked around at the bare walls and the stage at the front of the room. Off to the left side of the stage was a desk with papers scattered all over it. Behind the desk was a podium and a cart with an over head projector. This wasn't that different from high school Simon thought as the room filled with students.<br /><br />Simon had settled on attending the College of Southern Idaho because his parents needed him to stick around after high school. He had planned on attending a college on the east coast to get away from the little town he was raised in. For a time he had considered San Diego State because it was the top party school in the west but had given that up because it was too close. Over his senior year he set his sights on Virgina, Florida, and Penn State. One by one rejection letters came and Simon was forced to look at smaller schools where he could be accepted on his average transcript. In late February Simon's dad was in an auto accident and his dream of getting out of town came to a crashing halt. He knew that it was better for him to stay and help his mother but he longed to get out of Wendell Idaho which he had grown to hate since moving there three years prior.<br /><br />Simon watched as the class filled up with students ranging in age. The thing about a community college is that there are people from every generation in the class. He noticed the freshman because they all looked a little like him. They wore new clothes and had new bags to carry their books in. They all seemed a little nervous, not knowing quite what to expect. Then there were the kids that had been to college for a semester or two. The guys came in with a notebook, a pen and an I don't care attitude as they slumped in their chairs waiting for class to start. They all seemed to wear the same thing; baggy shorts, flip flops, and a wrinkled shirt that looked like they had worn it for a couple of days. The girls were dressed nicely but you could tell that there clothes weren't new. They came in with friends and sat together talking about other classes that they were taking.<br /><br />The group then took an odd turn, there were several middle aged people sprinkled around the room sitting alone. This set of people was funny to Simon since this was Western Civ 101. This was an entry level class yet there were some old people in it. At the very bottom of the classroom was an old lady who looked to be in her 90's. She sat quietly with no one sitting next to her. Simon thought that maybe she was here to review the teacher but saw that she had the Western Civ book for this class. This was another thing that irritated Simon about going to CSI, it seemed like a glorified high school with older adults and grandparents attending. He wanted to be at a university where all of the students were kids, but no he had to stay in Idaho and make the 30 minute drive to Twin Falls every day to go to school.<br /><br />Simon sat there stewing about the idea as the course instructor walked in a side door on the stage and walked over to the desk. He was an older gentleman probably mid 60's and moved across the stage with ease. He kind of surprised Simon at first glance but he didn't know why. It wasn't like Simon was thinking he would have Indiana Jones as his history professor but he wasn't expecting an older teacher either. Simon had seen a lot of young teachers at freshman orientation and had thought at that time that professors probably come to smaller institutions to prepare for big universities. Why would anyone stay at a junior college for their entire career? The professor walked back to the middle of the stage and introduced himself as Dr. Howard and then walked off the left side of the stage and started up the stairs handing out the syllabus. Simon took one when the instructor handed a stack to him and passed the rest on. He wasn't happy to be here and he wasn't sure what he was going to get out of this small college. He dreamed of bigger and better things then Idaho and this small junior college. He wanted some excitement, he wanted something to happen.Viphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17711005059503919750noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825105672017536019.post-22276980505177163752009-02-09T08:32:00.000-08:002009-03-24T07:37:41.501-07:00The early yearsIt sounded like a good idea at that time but isn't that how all great stories start. No one ever starts a story like "I heard what my buddy was saying but deep down I knew I shouldn't go, so I stayed home" or "my parents would be ticked if they found out so I better not go". No, all great stories start the same with a phrase like "it sounded like a good idea at the time" or "I didn't think we would get caught". My life is full of these phrases, stories, and mischief and I wouldn't change it.<br /><br />My stories start around the age of 13 or so. Before that I was a great upstanding Mormon youth always going to my church meetings and attending all of my school classes. School came hard for me but I liked going because of recess. I didn't work hard at school which is probably why it wasn't easy for me. Most of my teachers left comments for my parents saying that I was too talkative in class and I was forever being told to turn around and stop talking. I made it through elementary school without too much damage which wasn't easy given the way I looked. I see pictures of myself from my early years and think that it is great that you don't worry about looks when you are that young because I was no model. I had ruddy skin with a lot of freckles. My hair was brown and really thick so it didn't lay down like the other kids, in fact it stood straight up. I guess that is why I kept it shaved for along time. I did grow it out so I could put a part in it while I was in grade school but that looked really dorky. Also when I was in sixth grade my dad gave me a Mohawk that was fairly long. He shaved both sides of my head and left the top down the middle. He also cut designs in the side of my head which was customary for the time at least that is what I tell people when they see the pictures. I would go around flipping my hair back and forth from one side of my head to the other until one day a girl told me it looked stupid and I immediately stopped.<br /><br />I never really had a lot of friends, and I think the reason for that was because I was a geek. I mean I am still a geek now but I hide it well. There is a picture of me in second grade and I am wearing a Ricks College t-shirt with black pants, that are obviously too small, and slip on shoes that look like Vans but I was not that cool so they are not. This is how I spent my entire grade school and most of my middle school life. I would wear BYU shirts and jerseys to school and people would make fun of me. I also wore hand me downs from my older cousins which I thought was cool but they were all out of style. Hand me downs were an important part of my childhood and I can remember pulling out clothes from a huge garbage bag. My brother and I would fight over who got the Nike t-shirt or who was going to get the Girbaud jeans. I am sure it looked like dogs fighting over the last piece of meat. My grandmother also bought me a pair of light blue jeans that only old men would wear but for a time they were the only jeans that I had so I wore them and kids would make fun of me. I was not into sports and not very coordinated at the time so I didn't play basketball with the kids and I mostly hung out with girls all the time. I loved Star Wars and other sci-fi shows and would regularly check out books about alien abduction and big foot. At the time I hadn't grown to know that these things were not socially acceptable and that if I wanted to fit in with the "cool" kids that I couldn't talk about them. This lasted until I was in the fifth grade and I remember a couple of kids making fun of me and I decided that I wasn't going to say anything anymore because every time I did I got laughed at. Later that same year a kid asked me to play basketball with them during recess and later told me it was because I was pretty cool when I wasn't talking. That lasted for a few years but eventually I had to speak up.<br /><br />As I maneuvered through the last few years of grade school I became increasingly aware that I was different from the so called popular group that I was trying so hard to become a part of. I wanted to so bad to be asked to birthday parties and hang out with this group of kids that were so much cooler than I was. From the outside it looked as if everything in their lives were perfect and I wanted that yet I was not perfect. I didn't wear the right clothes, I was the oldest so no one was there to show me what to do, I was not the best looking, and my family did not have money. These things were playing against me and I knew that there was not any way that I was going to be able to break through this barrier. I then decided, at eleven mind you, that it was going to take to a lot to make the transition so I resigned myself to the "lower class" of which I would never break free. I made friends in this class all of who were also Mormon and I went to church with. We would hang out and have sleep overs like everyone else but they were not as great and grand as the upper class of kids. We never had pool parties, we never had girl-boy parties, and no one from the upper class ever showed up at our houses to hang out with us. We weren't sad about it at all, we knew where we stood in life and for the most part, we were fine with that.<br /><br />I had a great time with these guys that I considered my friends but looking back I was a parasite. I didn't bring anything to the relationship and they all knew it, unfortunately I didn't. Not until years later did I realize what was going on. Not even now do I fully understand the complexity of this relationship and how it has affected my behavior, friendships, and relationships with others. I can't explain the friendship that the seven of us had but I apparently was getting more out of it then they were. During the four years that we all were friends we did a lot of things. We made countless snowboarding trips, we played a lot of street hockey, and we did a lot girl watching since that is what you do when you are on the outside of the popular group. We really did have a lot of fun and since we went to church together the fun never stopped until one day it ended for me.<br /><br />I had played baseball all growing up, from tee-ball to little league and all of my buddies had played too but there comes a time when you have to decide if you want to continue. If you continue practices become more like practice and more competitive and some kids don't want that. I didn't really have a choice considering my dad was my coach. I am not saying that he forced me to play but any coaches kid will tell you that there is some pressure to continue. I wanted to continue but when my friends all decided to stop playing and I questioned whether I should as well. It was hard to make that break since I now had practice and they could go hang out after school. I also started playing football at this time and they didn't so through the spring and fall I was busy with practice and games. It was tough but we would still hang out on weekends and at church but now I was on the outside since I hadn't been in on the newest adventure. I tried to make it up by inviting them to other things. We once had my dad drop us off in Hailey to Rollerblade the paved trails and skate at the skate park. We had a lot of fun and even talked about doing it again but it never happened.<br /><br />When we reached junior high we were on different tracks. I spent as much time as I could with these guys since it was a new environment but I still had other responsibilities. Through seventh grade things pretty much stayed the same and we continued to hang out but when we hit eighth grade things started to change. I noticed that they would hide from me in the morning before school and during our lunch break. I never really thought it was about me until one morning I caught them watching for me and when I showed up they took off and hid in a class room. We didn't have a lot of classes together but the ones we did they would sit next to each other and I would be left to find my own seat. This year was a hard one for me since I had no idea what was going on with my friends and I didn't have any time to find out either.<br /><br />During this time I started to skateboard and I quit rollerblading. My brother and I would skate in our driveway every day trying to learn new tricks. We started becoming friends with another skater from Twin named Jesse that went to the same church as us but that didn't go very often. He was my age and we were in a few classes together. We started spending a lot of time together skating around town. I took skating lessons from Jesse since he had been skating for along time and knew what he was doing, I learned more then just skating though. I learned how to dress as a skater, I would wear the biggest pants I could find and cut them off around the bottom of my shoes. I would wear a long sleeve shirt under my short sleeved shirt even if it was hot. I started growing my hair long and parting it in the middle of my head. I learned how skaters treated each other and in turn how they treated those who didn't skate. We were always helping skaters with things like tricks to moving quarter pipes. If a skater needed your help you helped him no questions asked, on the other hand you didn't talk to posers. Jesse really became one of my best friends and we hung out as much as possible.<br /><br />Jesse really helped me during that time because he had crossed over the popular barrier because there were only a few skaters back then and everybody thought that he was totally cool. My other friends were still pulling tricks on me all time and I was getting really frustrated and confused since we had been friends since we were in grade school. I was fighting a losing battle in my head, I wanted to stay friends with these guys but I knew that they were trying to make a break. I knew that they didn't want me around any more but I didn't have enough confidence to find new friends. One morning I walked into school from seminary and when my buddies saw me they took off and hid under the bleachers. I was devastated and didn't know what to do until Jesse asked if I wanted to go and sit with him on the basketball floor. There were two parts to our gym where everyone hung out before school started. The popular group sat on the floor of the gym around the basketball court and swapped stories and test answers in their Banana Republic shirts and perfect hair. The rest of the school sat in the upper deck of the bleachers and wished they could sit on the basketball floor. From the main level there was a split staircase where you could go up to the bleachers on the left or down to the floor on the right.<br /><br />I sat there looking up at the bleacher knowing that I belonged up there, but recognizing that this was my one opportunity to make a name for myself.Viphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17711005059503919750noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6825105672017536019.post-38092500688657609902009-02-08T22:35:00.001-08:002009-03-24T07:37:59.168-07:00Simon lay frozen in a ditch just outside of town trying not make a sound. How long had he been here? It had to be at least a couple of hours and yet no one had come looking for him yet. Still he stayed silent in case that tall guy that was chasing him came upon the ditch. Simon hadn't moved since he slid into the ditch at the south end of a potato field in Wendell Idaho. There were not many places to hide here in the desert so when you found one, you used it. It wasn't the first time that had hid in a ditch, he had done it many times while playing games with his younger brother. However this was the first time that he had done so under duress and it was starting to wane on him. Simon thought about what options he had lying there on his stomach in the dirt. In the dark he could make out a tunnel just ahead of him that led under the gravel road on the east side of the field. He strained to see what was behind him without moving any part of himself out of the ditch but all he could see was endless ditch into the night. Simon stayed quiet trying to hear any movement outside of the ditch but the only sound was that of the never ending Idaho wind. Even if someone had been there, the wind would carry the sound away from him like a leaf caught in stream of water. Knowing that he had sat there too long, Simon started to army crawl along the dirt floor of the ditch as quietly as he possibly could. As he got closer he could hear something over the wind, but it was faint and he couldn't make it out. He stopped and listened, whatever it was it was getting louder. At once Simon realized that it was car on the gravel road. Did he dare breach the cover of the ditch to see who it was? Could he take that risk? Simon thought fast and began to crawl as fast as he could toward the tunnel hoping that he could make it in time. Maybe the car was the reason the man hadn't walked upon the ditch, he was in a car looking for him. Simon reached the tunnel and drug himself inside where he lay as the car rumbled over the top. The car was moving slowly and took a long time to get over the pipe in the road and as it was clearing it Simon saw a search light sweeping over the field and then through the ditch. It cut a perfect path through the dark and illuminated the ditch where moments earlier he had sat. The car idled along the gravel road until Simon couldn't hear it any more. It could have been anybody driving around out there, he and his buddies use to drive around with a spot light just for fun. Now those days were over and he had alienated those closest to him. Thinking that it was safe Simon crawled out of the tunnel and sat in the ditch slumped a little as to not disclose his location with his unkempt hair. He sat thinking about his next move rubbing his forehead with his fingers. He need to get out of this town and get out quickly before these guys caught up to him.Viphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17711005059503919750noreply@blogger.com2